Abstract: A throttle valve for controlling air flow to an internal combustion engine in which a throttle valve body is mounted in an intake channel to control air flow through the intake channel to the internal combustion engine. A spindle is rotatably supported crosswise in the intake channel and the throttle body is secured to the spindle for rotation therewith between closed and open positions. The intake channel has a wall with an inside surface of elliptical cross-sectional shape, the throttle body being formed as a planar disk having a circular periphery. The throttle body in the closed position is inclined with respect to the inside surface of the wall and the opposite edges of the valve body are in peripheral contact with the inside surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for temporally stretching and smoothing of the pulses of an output beam of excimer and lithography lasers. The method and apparatus are based upon providing an optical delay line or circuit having a plurality of optical reflectors and a plurality of beam recombiners or splitters so arranged as to divide the pulse into numerous portions which vary in their travel time through the circuit. As a result, the energy of the incident pulse is greatly stretched and smoothed.

Abstract: An air intake assembly for internal combustion engines, in which a throttle valve unit is inserted into a casing molded in one piece with an air inlet leading to an air filter of the engine. The casing and the throttle valve unit have complementary tapered portions which are sealed when the throttle valve unit is inserted into the casing. An opening in the casing is surrounded by O-ring seals which seal a bore in the throttle valve unit extending to a valve secured to a rotatable shaft.

Abstract: Even in the case of variations in the pulse repetition frequency, a solid-state laser generates laser pulses with constant beam characteristics in such a way that when the pulse repetition frequency of the laser pulses is varied the pulse duty factor of the pumping radiation is kept constant and Q switching is triggered in each case at a prescribed period after the start of the pumping pulse.

Abstract: A solid state laser is provided including a rare earth-doped YAG, YLF, YVO, GSGG, YALO or GdVO oscillator crystal, at least one laser diode pumping source, a Q-switch short pulse generator, a frequency doubling stage and frequency quadrupling or quintupling stages. The frequency quadrupling or quintupling stages include a nonlinear optical crystal such as CLBO, BBO or LBO built into a housing. The housing is sealed off to prevent external moisture and other atmospheric impurities from accessing the crystal at its interior. The housing interior is configured for purging with one or more external inert gases or dry air through valve controls. The housing is equipped with a mechanism for controlling the temperature of the interior of the housing, and consequently for controlling the temperature of the crystal. The temperature controlling mechanism enables heating and cooling of the crystal, as well as maintaining the crystal at a constant selected temperature.

Abstract: A spring assembly in a throttle valve connection for control of combustion air to an internal combustion engine, in which a rotor is movable in opposite directions to control flow of combustion air. The spring assembly has a coil spring with first and second legs at respective opposite ends engaging housing and rotor parts. The housing and rotor parts are provided with respective oblique surfaces engaging one of the legs of the spring when the spring is relaxed to resist relative rotation of the housing and rotor.

Abstract: A Q-switched solid-state laser has a narrow-band laser diode (18) whose narrow-band output radiation serves as seed radiation for exciting a solid (14), with the result that only a single wavelength-stable longitudinal mode oscillates in the resonator (10, 12) of the solid-state laser and corresponding radiation (16) is emitted.

Abstract: A method of cut position determination for printing machines, wherein in order to ensure a synchronous running of the paper webs (P1-P4) to be folded and cut into newspapers (16) on a printing machine for rotary offset printing or rotary letter press printing, main and secondary registers (5, 7) are controlled in their position by means of servomotors (M1-M4) as a function of actuating signals (S.sub.M1 -S.sub.M4). Above each former-introduction guide roller (10), 4 photocells (11) are arranged equally spaced next to one another, which detect brightness signals (H.sub.A1 -H.sub.D4) from the printed surface of these paper webs at a scanning frequency of 20 khz. These brightness signals are subjected to a Fourier analysis in a microprocessor. The fundamental oscillation is evaluated, the fundamental oscillation with the greatest amplitude being selected from the 4 fundamental oscillations of each paper web.