Abstract: Catalyst comprising an Ir layer having an outer layer with a layer comprising Pt directly thereon, wherein the Ir layer has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 30 nanometers, wherein the layer comprising Pt has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 50 nanometers, and wherein the Pt and Ir are present in an atomic ratio in a range from 0.01:1 to 10:1. Catalysts described herein are useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Abstract: Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising at least 90 collectively Pt, Ni, and Ta. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Abstract: Catalysts comprising a Ta layer having an outer layer with a layer comprising Pt directly thereon, wherein the Ta layer has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 30 nanometers, wherein the layer comprising Pt has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 50 nanometers, and wherein the Pt and Ta are present in an atomic ratio in a range from 0.01:1 to 10:1. Catalyst described herein are useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Abstract: A drilling tool for producing a bore with a cylindrical inner wall can be rotatable in a rotary movement with a predetermined rotational direction (VD) about a tool axis (A) extending through the drilling tool, and at the same time is movable in an axial forward movement (VB) in a forward direction axially to the tool axis. The drilling tool comprises at least one drilling area (3) arranged in a forwardly located region of the drilling tool at a forward or free end, but preferably not having a thread forming region. The drilling area has a number n of drilling edges which are arranged offset to each other in the rotational direction, and at least one chip divider is arranged on at least one or each of the n drill cutting edges, where the chip divider forms an interruption of the respective drill cutting edge.

Abstract: A method for treating human immuno-deficiency virus infection (HIV-1), comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mammalian liver extract characterized by being heat stable, insoluble in acetone, and soluble in water. A transdermal colloidal dispersion delivery system for use in the treatment of HIV-1 infection further comprises an emulsion of resolubilized, concentrated mammalian liver extract.

Abstract: A method for treating human immuno-deficiency virus infection (HIV-1), comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mammalian liver extract characterized by being heat stable, insoluble in acetone, and soluble in water. A rectal suppository colloidal dispersion delivery system for use in the treatment of HIV-1 infection further comprises an emulsion of resolubilized, concentrated mammalian liver extract.

Abstract: A therapeutic method for treating Epstein-Barr virus infection. The method comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a mammalian liver extract, the extract being characterized by being heat stable, insoluble in acetone and soluble in water, peptide or peptide fragment selected from the groups consisting of Sequence Identification Numbers 1-9.

Abstract: A therapeutic method for treating hepatitis B infection. The method comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a mammalian liver extract, the extract being characterized by being heat stable, insoluble in acetone and soluble in water, peptide or peptide fragment selected from the groups consisting of Sequence Identification Numbers 1-9.

Abstract: A therapeutic method for treating Alzheimer's or related disease. The method comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a mammalian liver extract, the extract being characterized by being heat stable, insoluble in acetone and soluble in water, peptide or peptide fragment selected from the groups consisting of Sequence Identification Numbers 1-9.

Abstract: A therapeutic method for treating viral infections and chronic fatigue syndrome. The method comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a mammalian liver extract, the extract being characterized by being heat stable, insoluble in acetone and soluble in water.