Abstract: A magnetic multi-layer insulation system for a cryogenic storage tank. The system includes multiple layers of insulation comprising a carrier support structure disposed between a first major surface of a magnetic material defining a north pole facing away from the carrier support structure, and a second and opposite major surface of a magnetic material defining a south pole facing away from the carrier support structure. A reflective surface, or metal foil, is disposed adjacent the magnetic poles to deflect radiation. The layers are repelled from one another without the use of spacers. In various embodiments, the magnetic material is a permanent magnet selected from the group consisting of Samarium-Cobalt, Alnico, Neodymium-Iron-Boron, an alloy of the Lanthanide group of elements, and mixtures and alloys thereof.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes an inlet header that distributes a reactant across the fuel cell stack and an equalizer channel that is in fluid communication with the inlet header. The equalizer channel equalizes a pressure of the reactant across a portion of the fuel cell stack. A plurality of reactant flow fields are in fluid communication with the equalizer channel. A reactant flow within the equalizer channel is distributed through the plurality of reactant flow fields.

Abstract: A coolant reservoir for use in a coolant system of a fuel cell stack is provided, and includes a catalyst element disposed in the vessel and being capable of reacting hydrogen within the vessel with oxygen from outside air. The catalyst element includes a heating system for heating the catalyst element to a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A fuel cell with a gas diffusion media having a hydrophobic layer adjacent a flow field plate and a hydrophilic layer adjacent the membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell. The two layers enable balanced humidification of reactant gas along with a basis for managing capillary water addition into the gas diffusion media. The combination of balanced moisture flux (via the hydrophobic layer) and the retention of water (via the hydrophilic layer) for humidifying reactant gas sustains hydration of the proton exchange membrane while preserving the catalyst at full activity.