Abstract: Provided are a data management apparatus, a data management system, and a data management method capable of creating an alternative for a useful query when a query for operating a database violates a data handling regulation of the database. When data scheduled to be generated based on the database by the query violates a rule that is the data handling regulation of the database, a data processing server generates an alternative query candidate to replace the query. The data processing server determines whether the alternative query candidate violates the rule by determining whether data scheduled to be generated based on the database by the alternative query candidate complies with the rule. When the alternative query candidate does not violate the rule, the data processing server proposes the alternative query candidate as an alternative query.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods for determining an orientation and a rotational mobility of the single point emitter using a duo-spot point spread function (PSF) phase mask are disclosed. The duo-spot PSF phase mask includes at least three partitions, in which each partition includes a phase delay ramp aligned along one of two phase delay axes. Each phase delay ramp includes a gradient of phase delays. Each partition includes a subset of a total area of the phase mask and the two phase delay axes are oriented in different directions. The duo-spot PSF phase mask is configured to produce a duo-spot PSF that includes two light spots. The relative brightness of the two spots encodes an orientation and a rotational mobility of the single point emitter.