Abstract: A measuring system (100) for data acquisition in soft-field tomography analysis of an object (62) includes transmitting units (63-i), receiving units (65-j), measuring units (67-j), an excitation unit having an alive point (“hot spot”; 81) and a ground point (“cold spot”; 82), a measuring data acquisition unit (85), and a control unit (90). In the operational state, the control unit (90) controls the excitation unit and the measuring data acquisition unit (85); the excitation unit connects to a transmitting unit (63-i), one at a time, to drive the transmitting units (63-i). Transmitting units (63-i) and the receiving units (65-j) couple, one by one, with the object (62) to excite and detect response upon the excitation field, wherein the receiving units (65-j) connect together in pairs to form measuring circuits to characterize the detected response quantitatively by measurement data.

Abstract: A measuring system (100) for data acquisition in soft-field tomography analysis of an object (62) includes transmitting units (63-i), receiving units (65-j), measuring units (67-j), an excitation unit having an alive point (“hot spot”; 81) and a ground point (“cold spot”; 82), a measuring data acquisition unit (85), and a control unit (90). In the operational state, the control unit (90) controls the excitation unit and the measuring data acquisition unit (85); the excitation unit connects to a transmitting unit (63-i), one at a time, to drive the transmitting units (63-i). Transmitting units (63-i) and the receiving units (65-j) couple, one by one, with the object (62) to excite and detect response upon the excitation field, wherein the receiving units (65-j) connect together in pairs to form measuring circuits to characterize the detected response quantitatively by measurement data.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is process for the preparation of the prostaglandin amides of the general formula I, where in the formula the bonds marked with dotted lines may be single or double bonds, in the case of double bounds at positions 5,6 and 13,14 they may be in cis or in trans orientation, Q stands for a hydroxyl-group and Z stands for a hydroxyl- or oxo-group, R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-10 alkyl- or aralkyl-group, optionally substituted with —ONO2 group, or an aralkyl- or aryl-group, which contains heteroatom, R3 represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C4-6 hydrocarbon group, or a C4-10 alkylcycloalkyl- or cycloalkyl-group, or an optionally with alkyl group or halogen atom substituted phenyl-, C7-10 alkylaryl- or hetaryl-group, Y represents (CH2)n group or O atom or S atom, and where n=0-3.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is process for the preparation of the prostaglandin amides of the general formula I, where in the formula, the bonds marked with dotted lines may be single or double bonds, in the case of double bounds at positions 5,6 and 13,14 they may be in cis or in trans orientation, Q stands for a hydroxyl-group and Z stands for a hydroxyl- or oxo-group, R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-10 alkyl- or aralkyl-group, optionally substituted with —ONO2 group, or an aralkyl- or aryl-group, which contains heteroatom, R3 represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C4-6 hydrocarbon group, or a C4-10 alkylcycloalkyl- or cycloalkyl-group, or an optionally with alkyl group or halogen atom substituted phenyl-, C7-10 alkylaryl- or hetaryl-group, Y represents (CH2)n group or O atom or S atom, and where n=0-3.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is process for the preparation of the prostaglandin amides of the general formula I, where in the formula the bonds marked with dotted lines may be single or double bonds, in the case of double bounds at positions 5,6 and 13,14 they may be in cis or in trans orientation, Q stands for a hydroxyl-group and Z stands for a hydroxyl- or oxo-group, R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-10 alkyl- or aralkyl-group, optionally substituted with —ONO2 group, or an aralkyl- or aryl-group, which contains heteroatom, R3 represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C4-6 hydrocarbon group, or a C4-10 alkylcycloalkyl- or cycloalkyl-group, or an optionally with alkyl group or halogen atom substituted phenyl-, C7-10 alkylaryl- or hetaryl-group, Y represents (CH2)n group or O atom or S atom, and where n=0-3.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is process for the preparation of the prostaglandin amides of the general formula I, where in the formula, the bonds marked with dotted lines may be single or double bonds, in the case of double bounds at positions 5, 6 and 13, 14 they may be in cis or in trans orientation, Q stands for a hydroxyl-group and Z stands for a hydroxyl- or oxo-group, R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-10 alkyl- or aralkyl-group, optionally substituted with —ONO2 group, or an aralkyl- or aryl-group, which contains heteroatom, R3 represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C4-6 hydrocarbon group, or a C4-10 alkylcycloalkyl- or cycloalkyl-group, or an optionally with alkyl group or halogen atom substituted phenyl-, C7-10 alkylaryl- or hetaryl-group, Y represents (CH2)n group or O atom or S atom, and where n=0-3.

Abstract: The crystalline compound of formula (III) having the melting point of 129.5-134.5° C. is disclosed.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is process for the preparation of the prostaglandin amides of the general formula I, —where in the formula the bonds marked with dotted lines may be single or double bonds, in the case of double bounds at positions 5,6 and 13,14 they may be in cis or in trans orientation, Q stands for a hydroxyl-group and Z stands for a hydroxyl- or oxo-group, R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-10 alkyl- or aralkyl-group, optionally substituted with —ONO2 group, or an aralkyl- or aryl-group, which contains heteroatom, R3 represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C4-6 hydrocarbon group, or a C4-10 alkylcycloalkyl- or cycloalkyl-group, or an optionally with alkyl group or halogen atom substituted phenyl-, C7-10 alkylaryl- or hetaryl-group, Y represents (CH2)n group or 0 atom or S atom, and where n=0-3.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of travoprost of formula (I), comprising that, the compound of formula (II), is stereoselectively reduced, the resulting compound of formula (III), is if desired crystallized, the lactone group of the compound of formula (III) is reduced, the p-phenyl-benzoyl protecting group of the thus obtained compound of formula (IV), is removed, the resulting triol of formula (V), is, if desired after crystallization, transformed by Wittig reaction into the acid of formula (VI), which is then esterified.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of travoprost of formula (I), comprising that, the compound of formula (II), is stereo selectively reduced, the resulting compound of formula (III), is if desired crystallized, the lactone group of the compound of formula (III) is reduced, the p-phenyl-benzoyl protecting group of the thus obtained compound of formula (IV), is removed, the resulting triol of formula (V), is, if desired after crystallization, transformed by Wittig reaction into the acid of formula (VI), which is then esterified.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is process for the preparation of the prostaglandin amides of the general formula I, where in the formula the bonds marked with dotted lines may be single or double bonds, in the case of double bounds at positions 5,6 and 13,14 they may be in cis or in trans orientation, Q stands for a hydroxyl-group and Z stands for a hydroxyl- or oxo-group, R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-10 alkyl- or aralkyl- group, optionally substituted with —ONO2 group, or an aralkyl- or aryl- group, which contains heteroatom, R3 represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C4-6 hydrocarbon group, or a C4-10 alkylcycloalkyl- or cycloalkyl- group, or an optionally with alkyl group or halogen atom substituted phenyl-, C7-10 alkylaryl- or hetaryl- group, Y represents (CH2), group or 0 atom or S atom, and where n=0-3.

Abstract: A hybrid internal combustion engine having a cylinder, a piston disposed within the cylinder, the piston constructed and arranged to reciprocate within the cylinder, and a combustion chamber defined by the cylinder and the top of the piston. The hybrid internal combustion engine also includes an exhaust manifold and a heat exchanger disposed within the exhaust manifold. A pump disposed between the heat exchanger and a fluid reservoir is provided to deliver fluid from the reservoir to the heat exchanger, whereby the fluid in the heat exchanger is heated and turned into high pressure gas (HPG) when the combustion gases are exhausted from the combustion chamber via the exhaust manifold. The resulting HPG may then be introduced into the combustion chamber to provide a HPG power stroke.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling needle seat load in very high pressure diesel injectors. In accordance with the method, a needle control piston responsive to hydraulic forces for controllably forcing the injector needle against the needle seat is provided, as is a stop for the needle control piston to limit the needle control piston movement toward the needle seat. This provides a stop for the needle control piston, so that the compressive deflection between the needle control piston and the needle seat limits the force of the injector needle on the needle seat against increasing hydraulic forces on the needle control piston once the needle control piston reaches the needle control piston seat.

Abstract: Hydraulic internal combustion engines having at least one combustion piston not mechanically connected to a crankshaft or any other combustion piston, but instead acting on hydraulic plungers through valving that is electronically controlled to control the piston position and velocity, typically through an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a combustion or power stroke and an exhaust stroke. Electronically controlled fuel injection and electronically controlled engine valves provided great flexibility in the operating cycles that may be used, with the engine pumping hydraulic fluid to a high pressure accumulator for use in hydraulic motors or other hydraulic equipment. Embodiments using high pressure air injection to sustain combustion are also disclosed.

Abstract: Oil intensified common rail injectors that combine a common-rail non-intensified injector with an oil-intensified injector. The invention also uses fuel (common rail) pumps that are commercially available since the injector does not rely on this pump for intensification function. Also, since the pressure of the fuel pump is limited to lower than the intensified pressure, the injected pressure is limited to the unit injector; this eases the rail and tube requirements to this lower fuel rail pressure. The injector operates up to this limited pressure with no intensification. Also a separate oil system is configured to operate a hydraulic intensifier. Thus the system is able to achieve very high injection pressure without common rail pump, rail, fitting and jumper tube limits. The oil system does not need to operate or run unless these elevated pressures are required. Embodiments using direct needle control are disclosed.

Abstract: Three-way valves having reduced leakage and fuel injectors using the same. Three-way spool poppet valves are disclosed having a spool with a poppet valve thereon cooperating with a seat on the valve housing to provide a substantially leak free valve closing in one direction characteristic of a poppet valve while preserving the advantages of a spool valve. Three-way ball valves are also disclosed having substantially leak free valves closing in both directions, but further including reduced short circuit losses due to direct flow from a high pressure source to a low pressure vent during transition of the ball from one position to the opposite position. Fuel injectors with direct needle control using the three-way valves of the present invention are also disclosed.

Abstract: Three-way valves having reduced leakage and fuel injectors using the same. Three-way spool poppet valves are disclosed having a spool with a poppet valve thereon cooperating with a seat on the valve housing to provide a substantially leak free valve closing in one direction characteristic of a poppet valve while preserving the advantages of a spool valve. Three-way ball valves are also disclosed having substantially leak free valves closing in both directions, but further including reduced short circuit losses due to direct flow from a high pressure supply to a low pressure vent during transition of the ball from one position to the opposite position. Fuel injectors with direct needle control using the three-way valves of the present invention are also disclosed.

Abstract: Three-way valves having reduced leakage and fuel injectors using the same. Three-way spool poppet valves are disclosed having a spool with a poppet valve thereon cooperating with a seat on the valve housing to provide a substantially leak free valve closing in one direction characteristic of a poppet valve while preserving the advantages of a spool valve. Three-way ball valves are also disclosed having substantially leak free valves closing in both directions, but further including reduced short circuit losses due to direct flow from a high pressure source to a low pressure vent during transition of the ball from one position to the opposite position. Fuel injectors with direct needle control using the three-way valves of the present invention are also disclosed.

Abstract: A hybrid internal combustion engine having a cylinder, a piston disposed within the cylinder, said piston constructed and arranged to reciprocate within said cylinder, and a combustion chamber defined by the cylinder and the top of the piston. The hybrid internal combustion engine also includes an exhaust manifold and a heat exchanger is disposed within the exhaust manifold. A pump disposed between the heat exchanger and a fluid reservoir is provided to deliver fluid to from the reservoir to heat exchanger, whereby the fluid in the heat exchanger is heated and turned into high pressure gas (HPG) when the combustion gases are exhausted from the combustion chamber via the exhaust manifold. The resulting HPG may then be introduced into the combustion chamber to provide a HPG power stroke.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling needle seat load in very high pressure diesel injectors. In accordance with the method, a needle control piston responsive to hydraulic forces for controllably forcing the injector needle against the needle seat is provided, as is a stop for the needle control piston to limit the needle control piston movement toward the needle seat. This provides a stop for the needle control piston, so that the compressive deflection between the needle control piston and the needle seat limits the force of the injector needle on the needle seat against increasing hydraulic forces on the needle control piston once the needle control piston reaches the needle control piston seat.