Abstract: A control apparatus configured to control a power unit of a vehicle includes an electronic control unit configured to i) store a set of measurement values of at least one physical parameter representing a plurality of conditions of the power unit; ii) approximate the stored set of the measurement values, by mixed probability distribution, so as to obtain a first probability distribution of the measurement values representing a first condition, and a second probability distribution of the measurement values representing a second condition; iii) set a discrimination boundary between values representing the first condition and values representing the second condition, between mean values of the first probability distribution and the second probability distribution; and iv) control the power unit, according to a result of comparison between a measurement value and the discrimination boundary.

Abstract: A control device for an internal combustion engine includes at least one processor and a memory configured to store a program. The at least one processor is configured to execute, by executing the program, a process of deciding a manipulated variable of the internal combustion engine from a control input value, in accordance with a predetermined conversion rule, a process of calculating a sample value of the controlled variable, a process of calculating a reference expectation value of the controlled variable from the control input value, a process of performing a hypothesis test for a null hypothesis that an average value of a predetermined number of recent sample values of sample values of the controlled variable is equal to the reference expectation value, and a process of modifying the conversion rule by an adaptive control when the null hypothesis is rejected.