Abstract: A photovoltaic (PV) cell comprises a base substrate which comprises silicon and includes at least one doped region. The PV cell further comprises a collector disposed on the doped region of the base substrate and having a lower portion in physical contact with the doped region of the base substrate, and an upper portion opposite the lower portion. The PV cell further comprises an electrically conductive layer which is electrically isotropic or anisotropic and disposed adjacent the collector. The electrically conductive layer is in electrical communication with the base substrate via the collector. The electrically conductive layer comprises a binder and electrically conductive particles comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group 8 through Group 14 metals of the Periodic Table of Elements. The electrically conductive particles impart isotropic or anisotropic electrical conductivity to the electrically conductive layer.