Abstract: An alcohol sensor having gas-sensitive layers made of polymers or inorganic oxides wherein a signal is read out by means of work function change which is produced in the form of a field-effect transistor.

Abstract: A device for controlling a capacitive charge, in particular a piezoelectric actuator (2) has a signal generator (6) which is used to control a first end step (1) which is used to produce a discrete signal on the capacitive charge. device has a second end step (3, 4) which is used to generate a continuous signal on the capacitive charge. A counter-coupling of a deviation of an actual discrete signal is produced by a continuous signal required on the capacitive charge.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuating unit has a piezoelectric actuator pressed to a first cap which makes it possible to fix the actuating unit thereabove to the drive body of the piezoelectric drive device and cables and/or contact pins used in the form of contact elements with the actuator for the electrical operation thereof. In an advantageous manner, the first cap has at least one orifice for introducing the contact element. In particularly advantageous manner, the actuating units are used in the piezoelectric drive device with a drive body which has a cylindrical drive surface, at least two actuating units provided with the piezoelectric actuators which displace the drive body on a drive plane, a drive shaft which is placed on the drive body surface and is rotated by oscillation and the contact elements for connecting an actuator operating circuit to the actuators.

Abstract: A circuit and/or a corresponding method for controlling a piezoelectric or electrostrictive actuator (P) have a series-connected driver stage (G) which provides a control signal which is used to drive the piezoelectric actuator (P). A reference capacitor (M), which is used to measure a charge (qP) of the actuator (P), is serially connected to the actuator (P). The reference capacitor (M) is used as a series capacitor in order to measure the actuator charge (q<SUB>A</SUB>(T)=q<SUB>P</SUB>(t)) of the piezoelectric actuator. The output variable is a voltage which is proportional to the actuator charge. The voltage is guided to an A/D-converter and is processed further in a digital manner or guided directly to a analogue controller.

Abstract: A direct injection valve in a cylinder head (1) consists of a cylindrical housing comprising the following components: a valve (16) for dosing a fluid by means of a valve needle (15), an actuator (2) for generating a stroke acting on the valve needle, and a fluid supply to the valve (16). In order to minimise the heat transfer from the cylinder head (1) to the injection valve, an air gap (3) surrounds the housing of the injection valve, maintaining the housing and the cylinder head at a distance from each other.

Abstract: A circuit for analogously controlling a capacitive charge, has a drive source used to provide an operating voltage or an operating flow used to charge the capacitive charge, a circuit arrangement used to charge and discharge the charge, and a storage capacity used to intermediately store the charge of the charge during the discharge of the charge and to emit intermediately stored charge to the charge during charging of the charge. In a method for analogously controlling a capacitive charge by applying a operational voltage or an operating flow of a drive source in order to charge the capacitive charge onto the charge and to discharge the charge, during a first discharge phase, the charge of the charge is intermediately stored in a storage capacity and during a first charging phase, which is used to charge the charge, the charge from the charge capacity is charged in the charge.

Abstract: A metering device has an actuating unit within a housing in which an actuator is inserted and a hydraulic compensating element. The hydraulic compensating element is connected to the actuator and can be filled with a fluid when subjected to pressure. A first end of the actuator is provided with a first end cap. The metering device further has a stop that is disposed on the housing in the form of a seat, faces the first end cap, and defines a stopping position for the first end cap. The stop maintains a maximum distance between a sealing element and the end cap, the distance being smaller than the actuator traveling distance such that the actuator stroke beyond the end cap is sufficient for opening the valve. The first end cap hits the stop when moving in the direction of the hydraulic compensating element such that the movement is blocked.

Abstract: The injector tip of an injection valve which injects directly into the combustion chamber protrudes therein, thereby incurring the risk that combustion residues can become deposited on the injector tip. When the injection valve is in a closed state, the possible attachments of combustion residues along a separation line (10) are eliminated by means of a special configuration of the surface at the separation line (10) between the valve body and a valve plate. The surface is represented in a smooth, step-less, edge-less and curved manner.

Abstract: A direct injection valve in a cylinder head (1) consists of a cylindrical housing comprising the following components: a valve (16) for dosing a fluid by means of a valve needle (15), an actuator (2) for generating a stroke acting on the valve needle, and a fluid supply to the valve (16). In order to minimise the heat transfer from the cylinder head (1) to the injection valve, an air gap (3) surrounds the housing of the injection valve, maintaining the housing and the cylinder head at a distance from each other.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a control unit for operating a hydraulic injection valve, which comprises at least one piezoelectric actuator (2), a displaceable component (3) and a hydraulic element (9) such as bearing or a transmission system. The use of a drive voltage (U) modifies the length of an actuator (2), which makes it possible to control the stroke of the displaceable component (a valve needle 3). The inventive control unit (10) produces a polarizing voltage (UB) which pre-stresses the actuator (2) and whose polarization direction is opposite to the polarization direction of said actuator (2). Said invention makes it possible to obtain the greater modification of the length when the actuator (2) operates in the polarization direction than the drive voltage starts at 0 volts, as it was in practice before. Said invention makes it possible to reduce energy consumption.

Abstract: The jacket surface of the piezoelectric actor body (1) is surrounded by an injector housing (9), maintaining an intermediate space and is cooled by direct contact with an inert fluid which does not conduct electricity (6), forming a fluid space in the injector housing (9) which is filled with fluid except for an air reservoir (7). The volume of the air reservoir (7) is at least large enough to allow the thermal expansion of the heat coupling fluid (6) which occurs at the highest operating temperature of the actor body (1).

Abstract: A power output stage for capacitive loads includes: an energy storage inductance, having one end connected to a reference potential and an opposite end connected on the input side to a power supply connection and on the output side to a secondary energy storage capacitance; a primary energy storage capacitance is connected upstream of the energy storage inductance on the input side, and connected on the input side via a primary switching element with a reference potential, and a secondary switching element connected in series with the secondary energy storage capacitance (4), characterized in that the input of the power output stage is clocked by an additional switch.

Abstract: The injector tip of an injection valve which injects directly into the combustion chamber protrudes therein, thereby incurring the risk that combustion residues can become deposited on the injector tip. When the injection valve is in a closed state, the possible attachments of combustion residues along a separation line (10) are eliminated by means of a special configuration of the surface at the separation line (10) between the valve body and a valve plate. The surface is represented in a smooth, step-less, edge-less and curved manner.

Abstract: The jacket surface of the piezoelectric actor body (1) is surrounded by an injector housing (9), maintaining an intermediate space and is cooled by direct contact with an inert fluid which does not conduct electricity (6), forming a fluid space in the injector housing (9) which is filled with fluid except for an air reservoir (7). The volume of the air reservoir (7) is at least large enough to allow the thermal expansion of the heat coupling fluid (6) which occurs at the highest operating temperature of the actor body (1).

Abstract: A power output stage for capacitive loads includes:

Abstract: An alcohol sensor having gas-sensitive layers made of polymers or inorganic oxides wherein a signal is read out by means of work function change which is produced in the form of a field-effect transistor.