Abstract: In some aspects, the disclosure provides methods and materials for generating electrical energy from wastewater treatment materials. For example, the methods involve selecting a pair of materials from a wastewater treatment facility and forming a microbial fuel cell using the pair of materials as anode and cathode materials. There are provided various configurations suitable for adaptation to existing wastewater treatment facilities, as well as design parameters for new wastewater treatment facilities, devices, or schemes that take advantage of the methods of the disclosure.

Abstract: In a pipeline architecture, an instruction fault status register (FSR) is used to save the reason for a fault between the time an instruction is fetched and when it is executed. Sequential faults for different reasons cause an overwrite of the FSR and invalid abort codes upon the execution of an instruction. This method and system of updating the FSR passes the abort code with the instruction through the pipeline to the execute stage where the FSR is updated.

Abstract: A memory management unit provides security functions for a processor which has no specialized hardware support for a memory management unit. An exception security system is provided for use with an exception-capable processor. In an unsecure mode, the processor responds to an exception by retrieving unprotected exception information from generally accessible exception information register circuitry and executes an exception processing routine indicated by the unprotected exception information. Secure exception information register circuitry is provided in the memory management unit that holds a protected copy of exception information.