Abstract: The present invention discloses methods and systems for transdermally stimulating a muscle. The method comprising or including: a) contacting a surface of the skin in proximity to a target muscle with at least two electrodes; b) energizing the at least two electrodes to expose the target muscle to a first voltage having a first polarity for a first time period; and c) energizing the at least two electrodes to expose the target muscle to a second voltage having a second polarity, opposite the first polarity, for a second time period. The system and method enable to vary the polarity of the voltage to which the target muscle is exposed is sufficient to stimulate the target muscle.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for implementing CESOP inexpensively yet effectively implemented across an MPLS or an IP network. A Zarlink chip provides CESOP functionality, providing a TDM pseudowire by converting TDM streams into Ethernet packets. These Ethernet packets can be processed by a Marvell chip, which has the ability to perform QoS functions on the packets. The Marvell chip converts the Ethernet packets into MPLS or IP packets for transmission over a packet network. Use of a single virtual circuit label, invisible to the packet network for routing purposes, within the Ethernet packet allows Marvell chips at each end of the emulated circuit to tie traffic to a particular customer and to thereby apply appropriate QoS constraints.

Abstract: A method is provided for simplifying maintenance of synchronicity between an active control system and a standby control system. As interdependent software modules on the active control system update stored state information in response to triggering events and actions, the transaction messages for dependent software modules are bundled together and sent to the standby control system as a single message. This avoids the problems that can arise when a switchover occurs when only some of the transactions messages from interdependent software modules have been transmitted before failure of the active control system.

Abstract: A method is provided for simplifying maintenance of synchronicity between an active control system and a standby control system. As interdependent software modules on the active control system update stored state information in response to triggering events and actions, the transaction messages for dependent software modules are bundled together and sent to the standby control system as a single message. This avoids the problems that can arise when a switchover occurs when only some of the transactions messages from interdependent software modules have been transmitted before failure of the active control system.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for implementing CESOP inexpensively yet effectively implemented across an MPLS or an IP network. A Zarlink chip provides CESOP functionality, providing a TDM pseudowire by converting TDM streams into Ethernet packets. These Ethernet packets can be processed by a Marvell chip, which has the ability to perform QoS functions on the packets. The Marvell chip converts the Ethernet packets into MPLS or IP packets for transmission over a packet network. Use of a single virtual circuit label, invisible to the packet network for routing purposes, within the Ethernet packet allows Marvell chips at each end of the emulated circuit to tie traffic to a particular customer and to thereby apply appropriate QoS constraints.

Abstract: Communication protocol interface systems and methods are disclosed. A predetermined type of content of communication traffic of a first communication protocol, illustratively control information, is translated into a corresponding type of content of communication traffic of a second communication protocol. The translated communication traffic is transferred to a first component of a communication device, which is configured to transfer the corresponding type of content to a second component of the communication device. The second component is configured for processing the predetermined type of content. In some embodiments, other types of content are translated for direct processing by the first component. Mechanisms are thereby provided, for example, for transferring control information through a packet processor to a host processor, while allowing data to be processed normally by the packet processor.