Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor, comprising a furnace, a heat exchange chamber, a substantially vertical discharge channel connected to the lower part of the heat exchange chamber for removing particulate material from the heat exchange chamber to the furnace, and a substantially vertical auxiliary channel for transferring particulate material from the heat exchange chamber to the furnace and from the furnace to the heat exchange chamber, the lower part of said auxiliary channel being provided with nozzles for fluidizing gas and with a flow conduit for connecting said auxiliary channel to the furnace and a flow conduit in the upper part for connecting said auxiliary channel to said heat exchange chamber. The furnace, heat exchange chamber, discharge channel and auxiliary channel preferably form an integrated structure having the discharge channel and the auxiliary channel adjacently arranged between the furnace and the heat exchange chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor, comprising a furnace, a heat exchange chamber, a substantially vertical discharge channel connected to the lower part of the heat exchange chamber for removing particulate material from the heat exchange chamber to the furnace, and a substantially vertical auxiliary channel for transferring particulate material from the heat exchange chamber to the furnace and from the furnace to the heat exchange chamber, the lower part of said auxiliary channel being provided with nozzles for fluidizing gas and with a flow conduit for connecting said auxiliary channel to the furnace and a flow conduit in the upper part for connecting said auxiliary channel to said heat exchange chamber. The furnace, heat exchange chamber, discharge channel and auxiliary channel preferably form an integrated structure having the discharge channel and the auxiliary channel adjacently arranged between the furnace and the heat exchange chamber.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus in a fluidized bed heat exchanger including a heat exchange chamber having a fluidized bed of solid particles, heat transfer surfaces, an inlet, and an outlet. Particles are fed through the inlet onto the upper surface of the bed of solid particles by a guiding channel. The guiding channel, which extends from above the upper surface of the bed of solid particles to the surface thereof, or to below the surface, passes the solid particles to the restricted area of the surface. The outlet is formed in the area of the guiding channel to remove particles from the area delimited by the guiding channel. Uncooled particles can thus be removed from the heat exchange chamber.

Abstract: A centrifugal separator assembly, which is attached to a fluidized bed reactor for separating solid particles from gas exhausted from a reaction chamber of the fluidized bed reactor, includes a vortex chamber. The vortex chamber is in a horizontal direction defined by vertically-extending outer walls formed of planar water tube panels, the inside of the outer walls being at least partly provided with a refractory lining and defining a gas space in the vortex chamber, where at least one vertical gas vortex is established. The separator assembly also includes at least one inlet for introducing gas into the gas space from the reaction chamber, at least one outlet for discharging purified gas from the gas space, and at least one outlet for discharging separated solid particles from the gas space.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor includes a furnace, defined by a substantially vertical and planar first wall, and a particle separator having a return duct adjacent to the first wall. In the lower part of the return duct is arranged a gas seal adjacent to a planar tube wall, which wall is the planar wall or a wall defining a space in gas flow connection with the furnace. The width of the horizontal cross section of the lower part of the return duct, measured in the direction of the first wall, is larger than its depth, measured perpendicular to the width. The gas seal includes a seal structure that includes water tubes bent from the tube wall.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for separating solid particles from gas exhausted from the reaction chamber of a fluidized bed reactor, the separator apparatus comprising a vortex chamber which is in horizontal direction defined by vertically-extending outer walls formed of planar water tube panels, the inside of the walls being at least partly provided with a refractory lining and defining a gas space in the vortex chamber, where at least one vertical gas vortex is established, at least one gas inlet, at least one gas outlet; and at least one solids outlet, in which apparatus the vertically-extending outer walls of the vortex chamber form at least one corner, the angle between the sides of which exceeds 90 degrees, the corner being rounded by a refractory lining on the inside of the outer walls.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor includes a furnace defined by side walls, a roof, and a continuous bottom, and has a solid particle bed in the furnace. Vaporizing surfaces form at least two principally vertical chambers. The chambers have a round or polygonal cross section, and extend from the bottom upwards to at least 80% of the height of the furnace. Also, the chambers are spaced away from the side walls of the furnace and are arranged separately within the furnace, for the furnace volume to be free so that the particles move even in the proximity of the chambers.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for controlling heat transfer in a fluidized bed reactor having a heat transfer chamber (312) with a bed (314) of solid particles therein, means (320,322) for introducing fluidizing gas into the heat transfer chamber for fluidizing the bed of solid particles therein and heat transfer surfaces (316) in contact with the bed of solid particles in the heat transfer chamber. Heat is transferred to said heat transfer surfaces from the solid particles. The fluidization of the bed of solid particles is varied according to a periodical function, e.g. by control means (34) periodically varying the flow velocity of fluidizing gas being introduced into the heat transfer chamber. Thereby the instantaneous heat transfer, as well as, the effective heat transfer from solid particles to the heat transfer surfaces may be controlled.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for controlling heat transfer in a fluidized bed reactor having a heat transfer chamber (312) with a bed (314) of solid particles therein, means (320,322) for introducing fluidizing gas into the heat transfer chamber for fluidizing the bed of solid particles therein and heat transfer surfaces (316) in contact with the bed of solid particles in the heat transfer chamber. Heat is transferred to said heat transfer surfaces from the solid particles. The fluidization of the bed of solid particles is varied according to a periodical function, e.g. by control means (34) periodically varying the flow velocity of fluidizing gas being introduced into the heat transfer chamber. Thereby the instantaneous heat transfer, as well as, the effective heat transfer from solid particles to the heat transfer surfaces may be controlled.

Abstract: An apparatus that includes (i) a centrifugal separator assembly and (ii) a fluidized bed reactor having a reactor chamber, the separator assembly being connected to the reactor and provided for separating solid particles from gas discharged from the reactor chamber. The apparatus includes planar peripheral walls defining a vortex chamber, having a rectangular cross section, the vortex chamber having an interior gas volume in which at least two vertical gas vortices can be formed, and the planar peripheral walls including a first wall portion connecting the separator assembly to the reactor chamber, at least two gas outlets, disposed one after the other in the longitudinal direction of the vortex chamber, for discharging cleaned gas from the gas volume, at least one solid particles outlet for discharging separated solid particles from the gas volume, and at least one gas inlet, arranged in the first wall portion, for introducing gas from the reactor chamber into the gas volume.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for decreasing attack of detrimental components of solid particle suspensions on heat transfer surfaces in a heat transfer chamber in a fluidized bed reactor. The method includes introducing solid particles into a first chamber, which is a dilution chamber, on top of a bed of solid particles therein through a dilution chamber inlet disposed in an upper part of the dilution chamber, and discharging solid particles from the dilution chamber through an outlet disposed in a lower part of the dilution chamber, into a heat transfer chamber, and introducing a flushing gas into at least a portion of the dilution chamber for performing at least one of inactivating in and separating from the bed of solid particles in the dilution chamber, impurities detrimental to heat transfer surfaces in the heat transfer chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor for combusting material at an elevated temperature and generating heat. The reactor includes an upright reactor chamber delimited by at least one supporting wall having an internally refractory lined lower portion, the reactor chamber defining a space containing an abrading flow of fluidized bed material, a refractory lining provided on the internal side of the lower portion of the supporting wall, a recess provided on the internal side of the supporting wall above the refractory lining, the recess being defined by at least an upper endwall and a bottom, and a coating provided on the internal side of the supporting wall above the refractory lining. The coating extends from the upper endwall of the recess to the refractory lining, for recessing at least an upper border region of the coating.

Abstract: Solid particles are transported from a first chamber (e.g. combustion chamber of a fluidized bed reactor) to an adjacent second chamber (e.g. a transporting and/or processing chamber) by providing a solid flow gas seal, a controllable solid flow valve, or both in a partition between the chambers. Transporting gas is introduced into the first chamber to transport solid particles as multiple solid flows from the first chamber to the second chamber. A number of narrow passages in the partition wall disposed one on top of the other, and having a height to length ratio of less than 0.5, less than 50 mm, act as the gas seal and controllable solid flow valve in the partition.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering heat from solid particles in a fluidized bed reactor, utilize a heat transfer chamber, having heat transfer surfaces disposed therein. Hot solid particles are continuously fed into the heat transfer chamber and gas is introduced into and discharged from the heat transfer chamber. Gas is introduced into the heat transfer chamber for controlling the flow of solid particles therein. The heat transfer chamber is divided into at least one heat transfer zone and at least one solid particle transport zone, by providing more heat transfer surfaces in the heat transfer zones (e.g. 90% or more of the total heat transfer area) than in the solid particle transport zones. The heat transfer is controlled by introducing separately controlled flows of gas into the heat transfer zones and the solid particle transport zones.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating hot process gases produced in high temperature processes in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. The reactor (10) includes a mixing chamber (12), a particle separator (16) and a return duct (18) for returning the circulating mass from the particle separator to the mixing chamber. The return opening (24) of the return duct is so arranged that the flow of solids entering the mixing chamber via the opening is directed substantially downwardly. The inlet (22) for hot process gas is so arranged as to allow the hot process gas to flow into the mixing chamber as a substantially upwardly directed solids flow so that the solids flow comes into contact with the gas flow.

Abstract: A centrifugal separator has a plurality of substantially planar walls, including a first wall, defining a vortex chamber having an interior gas volume and for establishing at least one gas vortex in the gas volume, and the gas volume has a cross section that is distinctly non-circular, (and preferably quadrate). In addition to conventional outlets the separator includes a gas inlet having at least one elongated jet-defining wall with a free end portion extending into the gas volume a first distance from the first wall, to define a gas jet that extends substantially tangentially to the gas vortex in the gas volume. An insert extends between the jet-defining wall free end portion and the first wall and defines a gas flow direction changing surface. The insert may be substantially solid refractory material, or include a number of cooling fluids circulating tubes, and a gas flow direction changing surface may be substantially planar or curved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a combined cycle power plant comprising a air compressor providing pressurized air at pressure greater than 2 bar; a gas turbine means for driving the gas compressor means; a pressure vessel, circular in cross-section, connected to said air compressor and being capable of withstanding pressures greater than 2 bar; a pressurized circulating fluidized bed reactor enclosed by the pressure vessel, the circulating fluidized bed reactor having a reactor chamber, including substantially planar steam generation tube walls having a bottom section; means for leading hot combustion gases away from said reactor; one or more non-circular centrifugal separator(s) disposed within said pressure vessel being adapted to the reactor chamber and internal pressure vessel geometry for receiving and purifying hot combustion gases, having a gas outlet leading from said separator out of said pressure vessel; said centrifugal separator comprising a vertical vortex chamber having distinctly planar steam

Abstract: Method and apparatus for providing a gas seal in a CFB reactor, which is provided with a vertical, slot-shaped return duct (16), and for regulating the flow of circulating mass therein. The gas seal (22) is formed by arranging barrier means (22, 24, 26) on two different levels in the regulation zone of the return duct to slow down the flow of the circulating mass through the regulation zone. The flow of the circulating mass through the regulation zone is regulated by injecting fluidizing gas (56, 58, 60) into the regulation zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating hot process gases produced in high temperature processes in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. The reactor (10) includes a mixing chamber (12), a particle separator (16) and a return duct (18) for returning the circulating mass from the particle separator to the mixing chamber. The return opening (24) of the return duct is so arranged that the flow of solids entering the mixing chamber via the opening is directed substantially downwardly. The inlet (22) for hot process gas is so arranged as to allow the hot process gas to flow into the mixing chamber as a substantially upwardly directed solids flow so that the solids flow comes into contact with the gas flow.

Abstract: Particles in a fluidized bed reactor (e.g. a circulating fluidized bed reactor) are discharged from the reactor chamber and then cooled (heat is recovered from them) in a processing chamber. This is accomplished in a particularly advantageous way by discharging the particles from the reactor chamber at a first level (e.g. through a non-mechanical seal or a classifying wall) into a lifting chamber. Upwardly flowing gas in the lifting chamber entrains the particles and lifts them into the processing chamber. After processing, the particles in the processing chamber are returned to the reactor chamber at level higher than the first level, at which point the pressure in the processing chamber is higher than the pressure in the reactor chamber. The particles may be classified in the lifting chamber by utilizing fluidizing gas to transport solid particles smaller than a predetermined size to the processing chamber while discharging larger particles from the bottom of the lifting chamber.