Abstract: Provided herein are immunofluorescence assays that do not use an intensely colored lipophilic dye, and that result in a significant reduction of fluorescence due to aldehyde fixation, collagen, elastin, and/or red blood cells. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a two-step treatment of the tissue is contemplated that leads to the incorporation of reduced heteropoly acids or salts thereof (e.g., phosphomolybdate species) in the tissue. This reagent binds tightly to hydrophilic regions of the tissue and effectively quenches the fluorescence in those regions. In doing so, the overall signal-to-noise ratio for the immunofluorescence assay is increased.

Abstract: Provided herein are immunofluorescence assays that do not use an intensely colored lipophilic dye, and that result in a significant reduction of fluorescence due to aldehyde fixation, collagen, elastin, and/or red blood cells. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a two-step treatment of the tissue is contemplated that leads to the incorporation of reduced heteropoly acids or salts thereof (e.g., phosphomolybdate species) in the tissue. This reagent binds tightly to hydrophilic regions of the tissue and effectively quenches the fluorescence in those regions. In doing so, the overall signal-to-noise ratio for the immunofluorescence assay is increased.

Abstract: Provided herein are immunofluorescence assays that do not use an intensely colored lipophilic dye, and that result in a significant reduction of fluorescence due to aldehyde fixation, collagen, elastin, and/or red blood cells. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a two-step treatment of the tissue is contemplated that leads to the incorporation of reduced heteropoly acids or salts thereof (e.g., phosphomolybdate species) in the tissue. This reagent binds tightly to hydrophilic regions of the tissue and effectively quenches the fluorescence in those regions. In doing so, the overall signal-to-noise ratio for the immunofluorescence assay is increased.

Abstract: Provided herein are immunofluorescence assays that do not use an intensely colored lipophilic dye, and that result in a significant reduction of fluorescence due to aldehyde fixation, collagen, elastin, and/or red blood cells. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a two-step treatment of the tissue is contemplated that leads to the incorporation of reduced heteropoly acids or salts thereof (e.g., phosphomolybdate species) in the tissue. This reagent binds tightly to hydrophilic regions of the tissue and effectively quenches the fluorescence in those regions. In doing so, the overall signal-to-noise ratio for the immunofluorescence assay is increased.

Abstract: Nanofilms useful for filtration are prepared from oriented amphiphilic molecules and oriented macrocyclic modules. The amphiphilic species may be oriented on an interface or surface. The nanofilm may be prepared by depositing or attaching an oriented layer to a substrate. A nanofilm may also be prepared by coupling the oriented macrocyclic modules to provide a membrane.

Abstract: Certain macrocyclic modules comprising 3-24 synthons are provided herein. Each synthon is independently selected from cyclic substituents, wherein each synthon selected is bonded to the next through a linker to form a closed ring that defines a pore. One or more lipophilic moieties and one or more hydrophilic moieties are bonded to one or more of the synthons, resulting in the formation of the desired macrocyclic modules. Those modules may be subsequently linked to one another to form selectively-permeable membranes. Membranes comprising macrocyclic modules may be useful in filtering certain molecular species from a solution. Selective passage of particular species is determined, in part, by the size of the module's pore and the nature of the lipophilic/hydrophobic species attached thereto. Also provided are methods of making and using macrocyclic modules and membranes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of synthons that are used to form modules that, in turn, are used to form two-dimensional close-packed planar arrays, referred to as nanomembranes. In a presently preferred embodiment, a nanomembrane herein constitutes a filter.

Abstract: Certain amphiphilic modules comprising 3-24 synthons are provided herein. Each synthon is independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, and heteroalicyclic substituents, wherein each synthon selected is bonded to the next through a linker to form a closed ring that defines a nanopore. One or more lipophilic moieties and one or more hydrophilic moieties are bonded to one or more of the synthons, resulting in the formation of the desired amphiphilic modules. Those modules may be subsequently linked to one another to form two-dimensional close-packed planar arrays, referred to as nanomembranes. Nanomembranes may be useful in filtering certain ionic species from a solution. Selective passage of particular species is determined, in part, by the size of the module's nanopore and the nature of the lipophilic/hydrophobic species attached thereto. Also provided are methods of making and using amphiphilic modules and nanomembranes.

Abstract: Nanofilms useful for filtration are prepared from oriented amphiphilic molecules and oriented macrocyclic modules. The amphiphilic species may be oriented on an interface or surface. The nanofilm may be prepared by depositing or attaching an oriented layer to a substrate. A nanofilm may also be prepared by coupling the oriented macrocyclic modules to provide a membrane.

Abstract: Nanofilms useful for filtration are prepared from oriented amphiphilic molecules and oriented macrocyclic modules. The amphiphilic species may be oriented on an interface or surface. The nanofilm may be prepared by depositing or attaching an oriented layer to a substrate. A nanofilm may also be prepared by coupling the oriented macrocyclic modules to provide a membrane.

Abstract: Nanofilms useful for filtration are prepared from oriented amphiphilic molecules and oriented macrocyclic modules. The amphiphilic species may be oriented on an interface or surface. The nanofilm may be prepared by depositing or attaching an oriented layer to a substrate. A nanofilm may also be prepared by coupling the oriented macrocyclic modules to provide a membrane.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of synthons that are used to form modules that, in turn, are used to form two-dimensional close-packed planar arrays, referred to as nanomembranes. In a presently preferred embodiment, a nanomembrane herein constitutes a filter.

Abstract: Macrocyclic module compositions are made from cyclic synthons. The macrocyclic module structures are prepared by stepwise or concerted schemes which couple synthons in a closed ring. The macrocyclic module structures may have a pore of nanometer dimensions.

Abstract: Photoluminescent complexes of copper, silver, zinc, lithium or similar metals are described, being (bis)ligand, with two different ligands. A variety of ligands may be used, the larger ligand being of a size or shape such that a pair of such ligand are prevented by steric properties from forming a (bis)ligand complex with the metal. Preferred substituents may be alkyl, aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbons, or halogen, chalcogen, nitrogen or phosphorus moieties, or included heteroatoms. Formation of the (bis)ligand complex is accomplished by maintaining the molar ratios of reactants at that which is equivalent to the (bis)ligand complex composition. The complexes are useful as optical sensors for O2, NH3 and NOx, in dye sensitization for photovoltaic devices/solar cells, in producing visible TiO2 photosensitization and in H2 production from the photochemically splitting water. These heteroleptic complexes exhibit photoluminescence equal to or better than ruthenium homoleptic complexes.