Abstract: A measurement system includes an atomizer, an impactor, a particle counter, and a discharge reservoir. The atomizer has a liquid intake port and a gas intake port configured to aerosolize a liquid received at the liquid intake port. The impactor has an inlet coupled to the atomizer and has a first output port and a second output port. The impactor is configured to separate droplets wherein those droplets smaller than a selected cut point are directed to the first output port and those droplets larger than the selected cut point are directed to the second output port. The particle counter is coupled to the first output port and is configured to count particles larger than at least one particle size cut point. The discharge reservoir is coupled to the second output port.

Abstract: A lamp includes a discharge vessel. Tungsten electrodes extend into the discharge vessel. An ionizable fill is sealed within the vessel. The fill includes a buffer gas, optionally free mercury, a halide component which includes a rare earth halide selected from the group consisting of lanthanum halides, praseodymium halides, neodymium halides, samarium halides, cerium halides, and combinations thereof. A source of available oxygen is present in the discharge vessel. The rare earth halide is present in an amount such that, during lamp operation, in combination with the source of available oxygen, it maintains a difference in vapor phase solubility for tungsten species between a wall of the discharge vessel and at least a portion of at least one of the electrodes.

Abstract: A lamp includes a discharge vessel. Tungsten electrodes extend into the discharge vessel. An ionizable fill is sealed within the vessel. The fill includes a buffer gas, optionally free mercury, a halide component which includes a rare earth halide selected from the group consisting of lanthanum halides, praseodymium halides, neodymium halides, samarium halides, cerium halides, and combinations thereof, a source of available halogen. The discharge vessel optionally includes a source of available oxygen. The source of available halogen and optional source of available oxygen are present in an amount such that the vapor phase solubility of tungsten species in the fill during lamp operation is lower adjacent at least a portion of one of the electrodes than at a wall of the discharge vessel, such that tungsten deposited on the wall during lamp operation is transported back to the electrode.

Abstract: A lamp includes a discharge vessel. Tungsten electrodes extend into the discharge vessel. An ionizable fill is sealed within the vessel. The fill includes a buffer gas, optionally free mercury, a halide component which includes a rare earth halide selected from the group consisting of lanthanum halides, praseodymium halides, neodymium halides, samarium halides, cerium halides, and combinations thereof. A source of available oxygen is present in the discharge vessel. The rare earth halide is present in an amount such that, during lamp operation, in combination with the source of available oxygen, it maintains a difference in vapor phase solubility for tungsten species between a wall of the discharge vessel and at least a portion of at least one of the electrodes.

Abstract: A method of making a unitized tungsten electrode which exhibits superior mechanical and electrical properties which includes providing a length of cylindrical cut stock having a predetermined diameter and length. The stock is ground to form a rough unfinished electrode having an enlarged tip or nose portion at one end integrally connected to an elongated shank section. The unfinished electrode is treated by exposure to a chemical etchant for a time sufficient to form a finished electrode characterized by a smooth nose and shank surface and rounded undercut and ends. The invention includes the electrode formed by the described process.

Abstract: A method of making a unitized tungsten electrode which exhibits superior mechanical and electrical properties which includes providing a length of cylindrical cut stock having a predetermined diameter and length. The stock is ground to form a rough unfinished electrode having an enlarged tip or nose portion at one end integrally connected to an elongated shank section. The unfinished electrode is treated by exposure to a chemical etchant for a time sufficient to form a finished electrode characterized by a smooth nose and shank surface and rounded undercut and ends. The invention includes the electrode formed by the described process.

Abstract: A method of making a unitized tungsten electrode which exhibits superior mechanical and electrical properties which includes providing a length of cylindrical cut stock having a predetermined diameter and length. The stock is ground to form a rough unfinished electrode having an enlarged tip or nose portion at one end integrally connected to an elongated shank section. The unfinished electrode is treated by exposure to a chemical etchant for a time sufficient to form a finished electrode characterized by a smooth nose and shank surface and rounded undercut and ends. The invention includes the electrode formed by the described process.

Abstract: An arc lamp assembly which includes in combination a reflector and a light source which is surrounded by said reflector. A dichroic coating on the reflector functions to reflect radiation in the range of about 300 to 600 nm. The light source is an arc lamp which contains a metal halide fill component which includes a mixture of scandium iodide, or other suitable lanthanide, indium iodide, sodium iodide and sodium iodide, whereby the lamp assembly emits effective amounts of WV radiation to cure selected chemical compositions.

Abstract: A high intensity metal halide arc discharge lamp, such as an electrodeless lamp wherein RF energy is inductively coupled to the arc discharge, contains a halide of neodymium alone or in combination with other metals such as one or more rare earth metals, Na, Cs and is essentially mercury free (i.e., <1 mg per cc of arc chamber volume).

Abstract: An arc tube of fused silica for a metal halide arc discharge lamp including a fill for the arc tube comprised of a sodium halide, at least one additional metal halide, and an inert starting gas, the arc tube including a tube of fused silica having an inner wall defining an arc chamber, the inner wall of the tube having provided thereon a metal silicate coating which is vitreous and light-transmissive, and which is comprised of a silicate of at least one metal selected from the group consisting essentially of scandium, yttrium, and a rare earth element, and preferably which is the same metal as that of the at least one additional metal halide. Protection of the fused silica arc tube with the metal silicate coating reduces loss of the metallic portion of the fill by diffusion or reaction and corresponding buildup of free halogen in the arc tube.

Abstract: A high intensity electrodeless metal halide arc discharge lamp wherein RF energy is coupled to the arc discharge, contains a halide of praseodymium alone or in combination with other metals such as one or more rare earth metals, Na and Cs and is essentially mercury free (i.e., < 1 mg per cc of arc chamber volume).

Abstract: Sodium metal has been found to be effective in gettering excess halogen present in metal halide lamps containing mercury, an inert starting gas and at least one ionizable metal halide for forming a light-emitting arc.

Abstract: Metal halide vapor arc lamps for reprographic and projection processes emitting in the blue, green and red bands with excellent primary color separation and having long life and lumen maintenance contain mercury, zinc, indium, lithium, thallium, a halogen and a rare earth metal such as lanthanum, scandium or dysporsium in the arc tube.

Abstract: Metal halide lamps having better lumen maintenance over the life of the lamp contain metal frame parts whose surface is oxidized either prior to lamp assembly or oxidized in-situ during operation of the lamp by oxygen or an oxidizing agent present inside the outer vitreous envelope.

Abstract: In an arc tube for a high intensity metal halide discharge lamp, a particular composition of metal halide dose is provided to control thorium transport to the electrodes within the arc tube and tungsten transport to the wall to improve arc tube performance.

Abstract: Apparatus for testing leakage of composite packages is disclosed. The apparatus includes a hollow arbor for supporting a composite package to be tested for leakage, the open end of the composite package being sealed to a support for the hollow arbor, the interior of the latter being connected to means for placing pressure on the interior of the composite package at a value less than ambient, and being subsequently connected to means for measuring leakage in the container while being supported on the arbor.