Abstract: An improved heat exchanger suitable for use as a pre-cooler in an internal combustion engine exhaust gas recirculation system includes an inner heat exchange tube for exchanging heat between a gas and a coolant. A tubular outer body surrounds at least part of the inner heat exchange tube. Coolant flows through a cavity formed between the outer surface of the inner heat exchange tube and the inner surface of the tubular outer body, cooling the gas flowing through the inner heat exchange tube. The inner heat exchange tube surrounds a rolled, cylindrically-shaped corrugated sheet of material forming a plurality of fins. At least one of the fins is in contact with an inner surface of the inner heat exchange tube. The tubular outer body surrounds two or more inner heat exchange tubes, each inner heat exchange tube surrounding a respective plurality of fins.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger suitable for use as a pre cooler in an internal combustion engine exhaust gas recirculation system comprises an inner heat exchange tube for exchanging heat between said gas and said liquid coolant. A tubular outer body may surround at least part of the inner heat exchange tube. Liquid coolant may flow through a cavity formed between the outer surface of the inner heat exchange tube and the inner surface of the tubular outer body, cooling gas flowing through the inner heat exchange tube. The inner heat exchange tube may surround a substantially cylindrical corrugated sheet of material forming a plurality of fins. At least one of the fins may be in contact with an inner surface of the inner heat exchange tube. The tubular outer body may surround two or more inner heat exchange tubes, each inner heat exchange tube surrounding a respective plurality of fins.

Abstract: A computer cloud implemented method and system for manually or electronically inputting real time geophysical location data, physical properties of the substance, associated release parameters of the physical substance into the open earth atmosphere, and weather data (historical, current or future forecasted data) on the assumption the release of the substance occurred at the same instantaneous time the weather data was entered and repeatedly calculating the results with new updated data for any of the above data parameters using algorithmic modeling of toxic substance releases to compute a model of the predicted toxic threat zone (Gaussian model) or a model of the predicted toxic plume pathway and associated exposure levels (CFD) and rendering the results electronically for visual display in, on or over any multi-coordinate display system in any medium and distributed or distributable to users electronically or manually when input parameters are updated, and displaying other related information associated wi