Abstract: There is provided a switching valve for a voltage source converter, the switching valve including a number of modules, each module including at least one switching element and at least one energy storage device, each switching element and each energy storage device arranged to be combinable to selectively provide a voltage source, the switching valve including a controller programmed to selectively control the switching of the switching elements to select zero, one or more of the modules to contribute a or a respective voltage to a switching valve voltage. The controller is programmed to selectively control the switching of the switching elements to carry out a switching operation and to apply a time delay if a charging current is flowing through the modules and/or apply a time delay to a start time of the switching operation if a discharging current is flowing through the modules.

Abstract: There is provided a switching valve for a voltage source converter.

Abstract: There is provided a switching valve for a voltage source converter.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory assembly, for use in a programmable device within a power transmission network, comprises a non-volatile reprogrammable primary memory portion and a secondary memory portion. The non-volatile memory assembly also includes a controller that is configured to direct a programmable device to access data from the secondary memory portion; refresh the data in the primary memory portion with data from the secondary memory portion; and direct the programmable device to access data from the primary memory portion.