Abstract: A session-based dynamic bandwidth allocation applied to PON includes the steps of A) duplicating, under PON system, packets transmitted to a splitter from every ONU and filtering the packets as per session classification via a snooping agent of the ONU to get specific packets; B) making every ONU transmit the specific packets to a bandwidth analyzer via a tunneling; C) analyzing information of the specific packets or the relativities between every specific packet and the previous and next packets via the bandwidth analyzer to further generate a session state information and save it into a database; and D) making an OLT access the session state information in the database and applying an SDBA to the dynamic bandwidth allocation.

Abstract: A session-based dynamic bandwidth allocation applied to PON includes the steps of A) duplicating, under PON system, packets transmitted to a splitter from every ONU and filtering the packets as per session classification via a snooping agent of the ONU to get specific packets; B) making every ONU transmit the specific packets to a bandwidth analyzer via a tunneling; C) analyzing information of the specific packets or the relativities between every specific packet and the previous and next packets via the bandwidth analyzer to further generate a session state information and save it into a database; and D) making an OLT access the session state information in the database and applying an SDBA to the dynamic bandwidth allocation.

Abstract: A choice generation method for a numerical multiple choice question comprises steps: establishing a numerical multiple choice question, and obtaining a correct numerical answer of the numerical multiple choice question; determining the number of numerical choices for the numerical multiple choice question; and generating a plurality of the numerical choices either greater or smaller than the correct numerical answer according to a choice-answer relationship. The present invention applies to generate numerical choices for a numerical multiple choice question, and the generated numerical choices are different from the numerical correct answer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for differentiating pseudowire (PW) packets from multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) packets. It uses particular time-to-live (TTL) values to differentiate PW packets from MPLS packets, thereby to create additional label spaces and to maximize the total number of PWs and label switching paths that can be simultaneously in use. At an ingress PW device, when an incoming packet is encapsulated into a PW packet, the TTL field of the corresponding PW header is set to one of particular values. At an egress MPLS device, after a packet is received, the value of the TTL field of its MPLS header is compared with these particular values. If the TTL value is equal to one of particular values, this packet is a PW packet and belongs to the PW label space of the particular value.

Abstract: An indexing method for mapping multiple segments of coded fields in a table structure. The indexing method can complete resolving address mapping within a short delay, and has a collision-free characteristic when total bit-width of variation for coded fields is the same as the bit-width of the table. The method can be used to resolve Virtual Path Identifier/ Virtual Channel Identifier (VPI/VCI) mapping for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technologies.

Abstract: This invention proposes an indexing method for mapping multiple segments of coded fields into a table-structure field. This indexing method can complete resolving address mapping within a short delay, and it has a collision-free characteristic when total bit-width of variation for coded fields is the same as the bit-width of the table. This method can be used to resolve VPI/VCI mapping for the ATM technologies.