Abstract: Integrated fan-out packages and methods of forming the same are disclosed. An integrated fan-out package includes two dies, an encapsulant, a first metal line and a plurality of dummy vias. The encapsulant is disposed between the two dies. The first metal line is disposed over the two dies and the encapsulant, and electrically connected to the two dies. The plurality of dummy vias is disposed over the encapsulant and aside the first metal line.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for power control of RF DACs. In one aspect there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus may include a multiphase clock generator to provide tunable multiphase clock signals including a first clock signal and a second clock signal; and a radio frequency digital-to-analog converter including a first input to receive digital input data, a second input to receive the first clock signal and the second clock signal, and an output to provide an analog output signal, wherein when at least one of a phase difference and a time difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal is varied, a gain of the analog output signal is varied. Related apparatus, systems, methods, and articles are also described.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for power control of RF DACs. In one aspect there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus may include a multiphase clock generator to provide tunable multiphase clock signals including a first clock signal and a second clock signal; and a radio frequency digital-to-analog converter including a first input to receive digital input data, a second input to receive the first clock signal and the second clock signal, and an output to provide an analog output signal, wherein when at least one of a phase difference and a time difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal is varied, a gain of the analog output signal is varied. Related apparatus, systems, methods, and articles are also described.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a single sideband mixer includes first and second all-pass 90° phase shifters. Each phase shifter produces two outputs of substantially equal amplitude but subject to a phase angle error (&thgr;) indicative of a deviation from quadrature of the two outputs. The phase angle errors of the first and second phase shifters are designed to be equal and to track each other over different ambient and operating voltage conditions. In one embodiment, the outputs of the first phase shifter are coupled via a cross switch to the inputs of two mixers and the outputs of the second phase shifter are fixedly connected to the inputs of the two mixers. The outputs of the two mixers are combined to produce an output whose frequency is a function of either the sum or the difference of first and second input frequency signals respectively applied to the first and second phase shifters.

Abstract: A first and a second fixed-frequency oscillator coupled in a ring topology to generate a variable frequency output is provided. Frequency variation is achieved by varying the coupling between the two oscillators. The coupling may be varied by using a variable current or voltage source. The first fixed frequency oscillator may generate a first signal which is ninety degrees out of phase with a second signal generated by the second fixed frequency oscillator. An apparatus is provided comprising a first oscillator which produces a first signal, a second oscillator which produces a second signal which is about ninety degrees out of phase with the first signal, and first and second coupling modules, coupling the first and second oscillators. A frequency control circuit is provided which varies the coupling of the first and second coupling modules and thereby varies the frequency of the first signal and the second signal.

Abstract: An integratable temperature-stable voltage controlled capacitor circuit comprising a variable gain current amplifier connected in parallel and between a reference capacitor and an input-output port. The current amplifier reproduces the current from the reference capacitor, amplifies it, and then adds it in phase to the original current at the input/output port. The equivalent capacitance realized at the input/output port is a linear function of the current amplification and the applied control voltage. The magnitude of the current amplification is determined by a ratio of at least two bias currents applied to the amplifier from two different current sources. Since the gain is dependent on a ratio of bias currents and since temperature affects the bias currents equally when the voltage variable capacitor circuit is integrated on a single chip, this design provides for greater temperature stability.

Abstract: A wideband transimpedance amplifier utilizing a differential amplifier circuit structure whereby the differential pair is bridged by a signal detector which, as an example, would be a photodetector when the transimpedance amplifier is employed within a optical receiver. In order to bias the signal detector the differential pair is operated asymmetric with respect to the DC voltage but the circuit maintains a symmetric AC response to the signal detector current input. The circuit is designed to operate at the unity gain frequency. The signal detector is placed between the source (or emitter) electrodes of the transistors which helps to reduces the impact of gate (or base) capacitance on circuit response speed. These factors combined maximize the bandwidth capabilities of circuit. The circuit is responsive to a current input to produce two voltage outputs equal in magnitude but opposite in phase.