Abstract: A method and system for battery charging. In some aspects, an electrical combination comprises a first battery having a Lithium-based chemistry, the first battery having a first nominal voltage in a nominal voltage range, a second battery having a Lithium-based chemistry, the second battery having a second nominal voltage, the second nominal voltage being different than the first nominal voltage and being outside of the nominal voltage range, and a battery charger operable to charge the first battery and the second battery.

Abstract: A method for conducting an operation including a power tool battery pack. The battery pack can include a housing, a first cell supported by the housing and having a voltage, and a second cell supported by the housing and having a voltage. The battery pack also can be connectable to a power tool and be operable to supply power to operate the power tool. The method can include discharging one of the first cell and the second cell until the voltage of the one of the first cell and the second cell is substantially equal to the voltage of the other of the first cell and the second cell.

Abstract: A method for obtaining ethanol from a feed solution utilizes an extractant comprising a mixture of at least one alkane and at least one aliphatic alcohol having the formula 1

Abstract: A liquid-liquid extraction system including an outer chamber and an inner chamber. The outer chamber is adapted to contain one of a feed solution and a liquid extractant and defines a containment region. The inner chamber is adapted to contain the other of the feed solution and the liquid extractant within a lower portion of the inner chamber. The inner chamber is defined by a microporous membrane sleeve that internally maintains a frame. Upon final assembly, at least the lower portion of the inner chamber is positioned within the containment region of the outer chamber such that the microporous membrane sleeve establishes an extraction interface between contents of the inner and outer chambers. In one embodiment, the flow region of the microporous membrane sleeve is immersed within a feed solution otherwise contained within the outer chamber.

Abstract: A filtration media array is provided having at least one contoured polymeric film layer having surface structures. The film layers may be configured as a stack that has the contoured film layer defining a plurality of ordered inlet openings through a face of the stack and corresponding air pathways, thereby forming an open, porous volume. The air pathways may be defined by a plurality of flow channels formed by the contours of the structured contoured film layers.

Abstract: A filtration media array is provided having at least one contoured polymeric film layer having surface structures. The film layers may be configured as a stack that has the contoured film layer defining a plurality of ordered inlet openings through a face of the stack and corresponding air pathways, thereby forming an open, porous volume. The air pathways may be defined by a plurality of flow channels formed by the contours of the structured contoured film layers.

Abstract: An electrofiltration process is provided having at least one electrostatically charged polymeric film layer having surface structures. The film layers may be configured as a collection cell that has the structured film layer defining a plurality of ordered inlet openings through a face of the collection cell and corresponding air pathways, thereby forming an open, porous volume. The air pathways are defined by a plurality of flow channels formed by the structured film layers. The electrofiltration process is coupled with an ionizer which actively induces charges onto the particles to be removed by the collection cell.

Abstract: An electrofiltration apparatus is provided having at least one electrostatically charged polymeric film layer having surface structures. The film layers may be configured as a collection cell that has the structured film layer defining a plurality of ordered inlet openings through a face of the collection cell and corresponding air pathways, thereby forming an open, porous volume. The air pathways are defined by a plurality of flow channels formed by the structured film layers. The electrofiltration apparatus is coupled with an ionizer which actively induces charges onto the particles to be removed by the collection cell.

Abstract: An electrofiltration apparatus is provided having at least one electrostatically charged polymeric film layer having surface structures. The film layers may be configured as a collection cell that has the structured film layer defining a plurality of ordered inlet openings through a face of the collection cell and corresponding air pathways, thereby forming an open, porous volume. The air pathways are defined by a plurality of flow channels formed by the structured film layers. The electrofiltration apparatus is coupled with an ionizer which actively induces charges onto the particles to be removed by the collection cell.

Abstract: A filtration media array is provided having at least one contoured polymeric film layer having surface structures. The film layers may be configured as a stack that has the contoured film layer defining a plurality of ordered inlet openings through a face of the stack and corresponding air pathways, thereby forming an open, porous volume. The air pathways may be defined by a plurality of flow channels formed by the contours of the structured contoured film layers.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid filter formed of a pleated filter material or laminate where the pleat folds are closely adjacent such that they are separated by less than 6 mm. The downstream pleat tips are supported by a rigid support structure of an open porous lattic or the like. Between the downstream pleat tips and the rigid support structure is a self-sealing fibrous cover layer having an effective mean flow pore size (MFPS) greater than the effective MFPS of the pleated filter material.

Abstract: Insolubilized enzyme particulates are located on the upstream surface of a filtration layer of a filtering element which can be used in a cartridge filter. Employed in a recycling flow reaction system at relatively high flux rates, the cartridges are useful for conducting catalyzed chemical reactions of dissolved solutes, for example, esterifications, isomerizations, oxidations, reductions, and cyclizations.