Abstract: A multicast method performed by a network element includes receiving a packet that includes a payload and an addressing header with a recursive bitstring (RBS) structure. The RBS structure includes a recursive unit (RU) of the network element, comprising a forwarding bitstring field indicating one or more other network elements to which to forward the payload, and one or more additional RUs each comprising a forwarding bitstring field indicating how the other network elements should forward the payload. The RBS structure further includes one or more RU locating fields, indicating a location within the RU of the network element and the one or more additional RUs. The method further includes forwarding the packet according to the forwarding bitstring field in the RU of the network element, where the forwarded packet comprises rewritten RU locating fields indicating a location within the RU of an RU of a subsequent network element.

Abstract: In some implementations a method includes receiving a first message from a computing device via a first network. The first message may indicate that the computing device is unable to communicate with a second network. The method also includes determining whether a beacon operator has requested tracking of the computing device. The method further includes transmitting a second message to the beacon operator when the beacon operator has requested tracking of the computing device. The second message may include a first geographical location identified by the first network.

Abstract: In some implementations a method includes receiving a first message from a computing device via a first network. The first message may indicate that the computing device is unable to communicate with a second network. The method also includes determining whether a beacon operator has requested tracking of the computing device. The method further includes transmitting a second message to the beacon operator when the beacon operator has requested tracking of the computing device. The second message may include a first geographical location identified by the first network.