Abstract: This invention relates to a scanning probe microscope which examines or processes directly the structure of substance surfaces at the molecular or atomic level, and a method for processing molecules using a scanning probe microscope and a method for detecting DNA base arrangement. A scanning probe microscope has a probe approaching or contacting the substance surface to detect a physical quantity between the substance surface and the probe, wherein the physical quantity is what is interacted or chemically reacted between the substance surface and the molecules or atom groups which act as a sensor and are fixed on the probe, scanning at an atomic level of precision. Therefore, surface structure within a microscopic region can be examined or processed at the molecular or atomic level.

Abstract: Disclosed is a probe for use in a scanning tunneling microscope which can measure a macromolecule, i.e., a protein molecule. The probe is manufactured by covering a metal wire having a sharp end with a thin organic film, removing an end of the metal wire by an electric field evaporation process, electrodepositing metal ions on the metal wire and removing a portion of the organic film. A monomolecular film is formed on the surface of a metal wire by chemically adsorbing a chlorosilane based chemical adsorbent. Only a tip of the chemically adsorbed film is removed by the electric field evaporation procedure, and the metal ions are electrodeposited on the tip of the metal wire. As a result, a sharp metal tip is formed. After that, the chemically adsorbed film is removed by alkyl treatment.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ion sensor with its electrode covered with a water-repelling organic chemically adsorbed film, which is formed with at least one hole permitting the passage of ions and preventing the passage of biopolymers, thereby accurately measuring ion concentrations over a long period. In forming a silane-based chemically adsorbed monomolecular film on the surface of the electrode, a hole dozens of angstroms in diameter is formed on an organic thin film by physically adsorbing the mask compound and then washing it away. This ion sensor can prevent the passage of macromolecules such as proteins in a living body. The sensor can also be used in a solution containing numerous impurities, and can be applied for monitoring activities in the body by implanting it in a body.

Abstract: This invention relates to a scanning probe microscope which examines or processes directly the structure of substance surfaces at the molecular or atomic level, and a method for processing molecules using a scanning probe microscope and a method for detecting DNA base arrangement. A scanning probe microscope has a probe approaching or contacting the substance surface to detect a physical quantity between the substance surface and the probe, wherein the physical quantity is what is interacted or chemically reacted between the substance surface and the molecules or atom groups which act as a sensor and are fixed on the probe, scanning at an atomic level of precision. Therefore, surface structure within a microscopic region can be examined or processed at the molecular or atomic level.

Abstract: According to the invention, a probe for an atomic force microscope comprising a means for tunneling current is disclosed. The probe has a metal tip which is covered with a monomolecular film. The body of the probe is covered with a monomolecular laminated film, wherein conductive molecules are fixed on the the monomolecular film and/or the said monomolecular laminated film. The monomolecular laminated film has a crosslinked electroconductive surface. The monomolecular laminated film is fixed on the metal by a covalent bond comprising a siloxane base (--SiO--), and the laminated part of the molecule is also chemically fixed on the metal surface of a covalent bond comprising a siloxane base (--SiO--). The probe of this invention is durable and can be put to practical use, because the films are surface conductive rather than conductive through its thickness.

Abstract: A probe for use in a scanning tunneling microscope which can measure a macromolecule, i.e., a protein molecule. The probe is manufactured by covering a metal wire having a sharp end with a thin organic film, removing an end of the metal wire by an electric field evaporation process, electrodepositing metal ions on the metal wire and removing a portion of the organic film. A monomolecular film is formed on the surface of a metal wire by chemically adsorbing a chlorosilane based chemical adsorbent. Only a tip of the chemically adsorbed film is removed by the electric field evaporation procedure, and the metal ions are electrodeposited on the tip of the metal wire. As a result, a sharp metal tip is formed. After that, the chemically adsorbed film is removed by alkyl treatment.

Abstract: A control apparatus of a magnetic bearing controls electromagnets so that both a displacement deviation of a center of gravity of a rotary shaft and an angle of twist around the center of gravity of the rotary shaft become 0, thereby supporting the rotary shaft in space by the magnetic force of the electromagnets. The apparatus includes .theta..sub.X and .theta..sub.Y control devices for controlling angles .theta..sub.X and .theta..sub.Y of twist of the two degrees of freedom of a rotational motion orthogonal to each other around the center of gravity and perpendicular to an axial direction of the rotary shaft, a cross feedback being produced so that both a feedback signal of the rotary angle .theta..sub.X and a feedback signal of the rotary angle .theta..sub.Y are respectively fed back as cross feedback signals to the .theta..sub.Y and .theta..sub.X control devices. A rotational speed detecting device for detecting a rotational number of the rotary shaft.

Abstract: For operating an industrial robot, first, second and third flags are selectively generated as an indication of first, second and third teaching modes, respectively. A position signal representative of the path to be traced by the robot arm is sampled at a higher rate in response to the first flag to produce a first train of samples or at a lower sampling rate in response to the second and third flags to produce a second train of samples. A sample between successive samples of the second train is interpolated when the second flag is generated and combined with the samples of the second train. When the third flag is generated, a sample between successive samples of the second train is approximated. The robot arm is controlled in accordance with the first train of samples in the presence of the first flag or in accordance with the combined samples or approximated samples in the presence of the second and third flags.

Abstract: A direct drive robot based upon a closed loop parallel link arm with a hand mechanism mounted at the outer end thereof has a prime mover for driving the hand mechanism positioned such that mass and position parameters of a specific equation are satisfied by the parallel link arm, whereby interfering forces which would otherwise act between first and second prime movers driving the parallel link arm are eliminated.

Abstract: A heat-type flow sensor is provided on the upstream side of a Venturi portion formed in an air-intake path and in an air bypass communicating with the Venturi portion. An electromagnetic device is provided to control the amount of air flowing in the air bypass so that the output of the heat-type flow sensor converges to a set level. This electromagnetic device drives a fuel-scaling valve to scale fuel in accordance with the change of the amount of air supplied to the engine, and this scaled fuel is continuously injected into the air-intake path.

Abstract: An accelerator pump for a carburetor comprises a piston assembly inserted in a cylindrical well formed in a carburetor body, a link mechanism for actuating the piston assembly in response to movement of a throttle valve, and a tapered stopper. The piston assembly is separated from the link mechanism and engaged with it only when accelerated. The tapered stopper is inserted in a hole made in said carburetor body, which hole is perpendicular to the cylindrical well, passing through a hole made in the piston assembly. A gap defined between the tapered stopper and the periphery portion of the hole of the piston assembly determines the stroke of the piston assembly. Further, the gap is adjusted by axial movement of the tapered stopper. The tapered stopper is locked with sealing material after being adjusted so that any user can not re-adjust the tapered stopper.

Abstract: An idling control apparatus for an internal combustion engine includes a valve element amounted in a passage for air for idle running of the engine bypassing a throttle valve mounted in a suction conduit for communicating a portion of the suction conduit upstream of the throttle valve with a portion thereof downstream of the throttle valve, and a bimetal member in the form of a spiral operatively connected to the valve element for varying the quantity of air flowing through the passage for air for idle running of the engine in accordance with changes in the temperature of the engine.

Abstract: An adjustment prevention mechanism comprises a stationary covering member disposed opposite to a head of an adjusting screw for adjusting fuel flowing in a slow speed fuel passage in idling of an engine, and a cap-shaped plug. The stationary covering member is secured to something within an engine room, for example a suction pipe of the engine, and has a hole through which the adjusting screw is adjusted. The cap-shaped plug is inserted rigidly in the hole to blockage the hole after the adjusting screw was adjusted, so that the adjusting screw can not be readjusted by usual users after the engine is transferred to the users.

Abstract: An air valve type carburetor comprises a pressure transducer provided for detecting pressure in the venturi portion of the carburetor and putting out electric signals corresponding to the pressure, a passage for introducing vacuum from a suction passage for supplying air-fuel mixture into an engine downstream of a throttle valve provided in the suction passage into a suction chamber containing slidably one end of a suction piston the other end of which is disposed in the suction passage for providing the venturi portion, an electromagnetic valve provided on the passage, and a control unit. The control unit receives electrical signals from the pressure transducer, compares the electric signals with a reference valve and put out electric signals corresponding to the difference. The electromagnetic valve controls vacuum induced into the suction chamber through the passage according to signals from the control unit so that the pressure in the venturi portion will be constant.

Abstract: An acceleration pump of a carburetor is constituted by a cylinder and a piston slidably received by the cylinder, so that the delivery rate of the acceleration fuel may be changed in accordance with the change of stroke of the piston within the cylinder. The stroke of the piston is limited by a stopper member adapted to be directly actuated by an incompressible temperature detecting element. The stopper member is so arranged as to be moved in the direction perpendicular to the stroking direction of the piston, so as to provide a fine adjustment of the stroke of the piston and, accordingly, an accurate control of the delivery of acceleration fuel in relation with the change of the engine temperature.