Abstract: In some embodiments, sample-derived characteristic determination may be facilitated via creation or use of anchor-based data structures. In some embodiments, an anchor and a seed length range may be obtained (e.g., for creating a reference data structure derived from reference data). Based on the anchor and the seed length range, reference seeds may be extracted from the reference data (e.g., such that each of the extracted reference seeds (i) is a data instance adjacent at least one instance of the anchor in the reference data and (ii) has a length within the seed length range). The reference data structure may be created with the extracted reference seeds, and unassembled sample data may be processed using the reference data structure, the anchor, and the seed length range to determine characteristics related to the unassembled sample data.