Abstract: A method is disclosed for quantifying the extent a cataract impairs vision in an eye having a pupil, an ocular lens, and a retina. The method includes illuminating a localized region of the retina such that light is reflected from the localized region and is transmitted through the ocular lens. A portion of the reflected light is scattered by the cataract associated with the ocular lens. Light reflected from the localized region of the retina is collected, and the amount of scatter is measured so as to quantify the extent the scatter impairs vision of the eye.

Abstract: An ocular fundus imager (8) automatically aligns fundus illuminating rays to enter the pupil (P) and to prevent corneal reflections from obscuring the fundus image produced. Focusing the produced fundus image is automatically performed and is based upon the fundus image iself. A head restraint for the patient undergoing examination is in the form of a pair of spectacles which is not only easy to use accurately but significantly reduce the gross alignment between the optical system (8) and the patent's pupil (P).

Abstract: An ocular fundus imager automatically aligns fundus illuminating rays to enter the pupil and to prevent corneal reflections from obscuring the fundus image produced. Focusing the produced fundus image is automatically performed using a pair of video sensors and is based upon the fundus image itself. A head restraint is used to reduce the gross alignment between the optical system and the patient's pupil.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for quantifying the extent a cataract impairs vision in an eye having a pupil, an ocular lens, and a retina. The method includes illuminating a localized region of the retina such that light is reflected from the localized region and is transmitted through the ocular lens. A portion of the reflected light is scattered by the cataract associated with the ocular lens. Light reflected from the localized region of the retina is collected, and the amount of scatter is measured so as to quantify the extent the scatter impairs vision of the eye.

Abstract: The glucose concentration in the bloodstream is directly correlated to the concentration of glucose in the aqueous humor. Furthermore, variation in the glucose concentration in the aqueous humor will cause like variations in its index of refraction. Thus, by measuring the refractive index of the aqueous humor, the glucose concentration in the blood can be determined. The refractive index of the aqueous humor can be measured by interferometry. In various embodiments of the invention that employ interferometry, two beams may be directed onto the eye and caused to interfere, thereby producing a fringe pattern. The fringe pattern may be analyzed to determine the index of refraction of the aqueous humor in the eye and the glucose concentration therein. The glucose level in the blood can be ascertained from this information.

Abstract: The glucose concentration in the bloodstream is directly correlated to the concentration of glucose in the aqueous humor. Furthermore, variation in the glucose concentration in the aqueous humor will cause like variations in its index of refraction. Thus, by measuring the refractive index of the aqueous humor, the glucose concentration in the blood can be determined.

Abstract: An ocular fundus imager (8) automatically aligns fundus illuminating rays to enter the pupil (P) and to prevent corneal reflections from obscuring the fundus image produced. Focusing the produced fundus image is automatically performed and is based upon the fundus image iself. A head restraint for the patient undergoing examination is in the form of a pair of spectacles which is not only easy to use accurately but significantly reduce the gross alignment between the optical system (8) and the patient's pupil (P). pupil (P).

Abstract: The glucose concentration in the bloodstream is directly correlated to the concentration of glucose in the aqueous humor. Furthermore, variation in the glucose concentration in the aqueous humor will cause like variations in its index of refraction. Thus, by measuring the refractive index of the aqueous humor, the glucose concentration in the blood can be determined.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for quantifying the extent a cataract impairs vision in an eye having a pupil, an ocular lens, and a retina. The method includes illuminating a localized region of the retina such that light is reflected from the localized region and is transmitted through the ocular lens. A portion of the reflected light is scattered by the cataract associated with the ocular lens. Light reflected from the localized region of the retina is collected, and the amount of scatter is measured so as to quantify the extent the scatter impairs vision of the eye.

Abstract: An ocular fundus imager automatically aligns fundus illuminating rays to enter the pupil and to prevent corneal reflections from obscuring the fundus image produced. Focusing the produced fundus image is automatically performed and is based upon the fundus image itself. A head restraint for the patient undergoing examination is in the form of a pair of spectacles which is not only easy to use accurately but significantly reduces the gross alignment between the optical system and the patient's pupil.

Abstract: A fitness impairment tester implements a self-administered screening test to determine whether a subject is physically impaired. The tester is fully automated to respond to the entering of a subject's personal identification on a keypad. By superposing two different colored lights as viewed through an eyepiece, the subject aligns his or her pupil on the optical axis of pupil imaging optics which focuses an image of the subject's pupil on an image plane. The tester automatically recognizes this condition and audibly signals the subject that the test is about to begin. Light stimuli are provided to cause the pupil to change size and the eye to move. Pupil diameter measurements are made of the image of the subject's pupil in response to on axis light stimuli. Eye tracking of the subject's eye in response to moving light stimuli provide a measure of eye movements.

Abstract: An improved eye tracking system capable of accurately measuring fast eye movements, is controlled by a microprocessor and software to rapidly track a subject's eye movements. The hardware for the electro-optical tracking system includes a quadrant detector which detects the relative direction of movement of the subject's eye. The output of the quadrant detector is processed by the microprocessor under the control of three software subsystems. The first software subsystem is the servo tracking software which controls positioning motors that rapidly move a mirror mechanism which reflects light that forms an image of the subject's eye on the quadrant detector. The second software subsystem is the pupil recognition software which recognizes that an image of a pupil is present. The third software subsystem is the blink detection software which recognizes the presence of a blink and disables the servo tracking subsystem.

Abstract: A pupil function analyzer has three major subsystems; an electro-optical system, an electronic interface system and a computer/software system. The electro-optical system can, in turn, be described in terms of three subsystems; one that delivers controlled lights to the patient's eyes, another that forms images of the two pupils on a video camera, and a third that moves the optics to maintain alignment with the patient's eyes. The electronic interface system converts signals from the video camera into digital signals to be read by the computer and also responds to the computer to move motors for the maintenance of optical alignment and also operates the light stimuli. The computer/software saves and analyzes the signals sent by the electronic interface, controls the alignment motors, and provides an operator interface, so that the operator can select tests and examine the results.

Abstract: A pupil function analyzer has three major subsystem; an electro-optical system, an electronic interface system and a computer/software system. The electro-optical system can, in turn, be described in terms of three subsystems; one that delivers controlled lights to the patient's eyes, another that forms images of the two pupils on a video camera, and a third that moves the optics to maintain alignment with the patient's eyes. The electronic interface system converts signals from the video camera into digital signals to be read by the computer and also responds to the computer to move motors for the maintenance of optical alignment and also operates the light stimuli. The computer/software saves and analyzes the signals sent by the electronic interface, controls the alignment motors, and provides an operator interface, so that the operator can select tests and examine the results.

Abstract: A perimetry system uses pupillary light response to a small bright light spot or other suitable stimulus which moves at a constant speed in generally a circular path centered on a fixation mark upon which the patient's field of view is fixed. The pattern traced by the spot may be a spiral, starting at the periphery and shrinking toward the fixation mark. A measuring system continuously monitors pupil size and if the retinal image of the moving light spot moves across a region of reduced sensitivity, this event is signaled by a change in pupil size.

Abstract: A pupil function analyzer has three major subsystems; an electro-optical system, an electronic interface system and a computer/software system. The electro-optical system can, in turn, be described in terms of three subsystems; one that delivers controlled lights to the patient's eyes, another that forms images of the two pupils on a television camera, and a third that moves the optics to maintain alignment with the patient's eyes. The electronic interface system converts signals from the television camera into digital signals to be read by the computer and also responds to the computer to move motors for the maintenance of optical alignment and also operates the light stimuli. The computer/software saves and analyzes the signals sent by the electronic interface, controls the alignment motors, and provides an operator interface, so that the operator can select tests and examine the results.

Abstract: An apparatus for examining the ocular fundus of an eye, in which an illuminating device is provided with non-overlapping apertures positioned substantially side by side, and in which an image of the apertures is formed on a part of the ocular fundus; an image of the illuminated ocular fundus is formed in a detecting plane in response to reflection from this fundus in such a manner as to provide a stereo pair of images of the ocular fundus in the detecting plane which are detected and then electronically processed and digitally analyzed thereby to display information about the ocular fundus under examination; the pupil position is also detected and the eye is then automatically aligned relative to the optical axis of the image, at least part of which is common to the axis of the illuminating device.

Abstract: A lensmeter is disclosed for determining the refractive properties of a test lens, including an optical system to produce an ellipse of light at a detecting plane having information of such properties, a scanning linear photodiode array at the detecting plane for producing video output signals, a first integrator to integrate the video output signal from each photodiode, a compensator to compensate each video output signal for the light sensitivity of each photodiode, a second integrator to integrate the compensated video signals over the range of the distribution of light of an area of the ellipse being scanned, a circuit, connected to the second integrator, to detect the median point of the distribution, and a microprocessor to provide data identifying the median point in response to the detection.

Abstract: An improved method for finding the refractive properties of lenses includes placement of the test lens in an optical system such that its image lies in a plane at which light passes through at least two spaced areas. The beams passing through those areas fall on respectively associated targets. The amount and angle of separation and the positions of the points of impingement of the beams are used to find the magnitude of spherical lens power component and magnitude, and angle of any prismatic and cylindrical power components. That information can be found by computation or by the use of means for displacing the targets and light source until the beams strike reference points on the targets. The amount of target or source displacement is then a function of the magnitude of the several optical powers and the orientation of the prismatic and cylindrical powers.An apparatus for practicing the method is described. It accomplishes target and source displacement with servo-mechanisms.

Abstract: An optical apparatus for obtaining one or more measurements of portions of an eye having means for providing a narrow beam of light through the eye, a lens system that collects light that is reflected from the eye and forms an image on the surface of a television camera tube and including means for determining when the narrow beam of light passes through the center of curvature of the cornea and when the instrument is correctly positioned for proper focus on the eye. Means are connected to the television camera for receiving and processing the video signals while the camera scans the image of the eye for measuring various portions of the eye such as the thickness of the cornea, the curvature of the leading edge of the cornea, the depth of the anterior chamber, the thickness of the lens, the transparency of the cornea, the transparency of the aqueous humor, and the transparency of the lens.