Abstract: The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with bladder cancer as compared with individuals without bladder cancer. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins for use in diagnosing bladder cancer. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the product of the biomarkers of the invention to monitor disease regression in an individual and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for an optical element which may comprise a main optical body comprising a crystal containing halogen atoms; a reflectivity coating for changing the reflectivity of a surface of the main body; and, an intermediate protective layer comprising a material containing free halogen atoms. The crystal may comprise an alkaline earth metal and may comprise fluorine atoms, e.g., calcium fluoride or magnesium fluoride. The intermediate protective layer may comprises a material containing free fluorine atoms, e.g., a material doped with fluorine atoms, e.g., doped fused silica. The intermediate layer comprises an amorphous portion and a polycrystalline portion.