Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of measuring and to electrochemical measurement, and more particularly to a reference electrode and to an arrangement for an electrochemical measurement. A reference electrode (13) for an electrochemical measurement according to the present invention comprises an inner reference element (14), which inner reference element (14) has been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (15). An arrangement (16) for an electrochemical measurement comprises an inner reference element (17) and at least one indicator electrode (19), (20), which inner reference element (17) and the at least one indicator electrode (19), (20) have been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (18). The solution according to the present invention may be utilized in any kind of electrochemical measurement in the fields of e.g. clinical analysis, environmental analysis and industrial analysis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of measuring and to electrochemical measurement, and more particularly to a reference electrode and to an arrangement for an electrochemical measurement. A reference electrode (13) for an electrochemical measurement according to the present invention comprises an inner reference element (14), which inner reference element (14) has been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (15). An arrangement (16) for an electrochemical measurement comprises an inner reference element (17) and at least one indicator electrode (19), (20), which inner reference element (17) and the at least one indicator electrode (19), (20) have been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (18). The solution according to the present invention may be utilized in any kind of electrochemical measurement in the fields of e.g. clinical analysis, environmental analysis and industrial analysis.

Abstract: A new type of ion-selective solvent polymeric or liquid membrane electrode is constructed which allows to extend the measuring range at the lower end by at least six (6) orders of magnitudes. The new method can be used with membranes based on a neutral ionophore, a charged ionophore, or an ion-exchanger. Low detection limits are achieved by maintaining a very low and constant concentration of the primary ion and a sufficiently high concentration of an interfering ion in the internal reference solution. The low and constant concentration of the primary ion is either adjusted with the help of a solution of a hydrophilic ion buffer such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or by adding an excess of a salt of an ion which forms a sparingly soluble salt with the primary ion, such as NaI for the primary ion Ag.sup.+. With the new technique, ion-selective electrodes can be used, for the first time, for environmental monitoring of heavy metal ions such as Pb.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ at the submicromolar level.