Abstract: A method is provided that includes coupling a plurality of electrodes to skin of a subject caudally to a neck of the subject, such that the electrodes are spread over a plurality of dermatomes. Using a computer processor, in response to the subject experiencing a headache, without using any element that is implanted in the subject, and without using any element that penetrates skin of the subject, the headache is treated by transcutaneously stimulating the subject, by applying an electrical current to the skin, via the electrodes. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method and system for performing quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) decoding of a received signal includes finding for each layer a region in a first constellation diagram of the received signal, the region including a portion of the first constellation diagram, the portion having the same size of a second constellation diagram, and a first constellation order of the received signal is higher than a second constellation order of the second constellation diagram; and, for each layer: finding a first portion of bits based on bits that are constant among constellation points located in the region of the layer; decoding the received signal using a QAM decoder having the second constellation order to obtain a second portion of bits; adjusting the second portion of bits based on the region of the layer; and merging the first portion of bits with the second portion of bits to obtain a decoded symbol.

Abstract: A method and system for performing quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) decoding of a received signal includes finding for each layer a region in a first constellation diagram of the received signal, the region including a portion of the first constellation diagram, the portion having the same size of a second constellation diagram, and a first constellation order of the received signal is higher than a second constellation order of the second constellation diagram; and, for each layer: finding a first portion of bits based on bits that are constant among constellation points located in the region of the layer; decoding the received signal using a QAM decoder having the second constellation order to obtain a second portion of bits; adjusting the second portion of bits based on the region of the layer; and merging the first portion of bits with the second portion of bits to obtain a decoded symbol.

Abstract: A method and system for performing Maximum Likelihood Detector (MLD) preprocessing in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication system, the method including, obtaining a received signal Y a corresponding channel matrix H and a vector of noise samples n; calculating a whitening filter L?H; whitening a channel matrix H; selecting one of a first calculation or a second calculation, based on estimated complexity of the calculations; and performing preprocessing of the received signal using the selected calculation. The first calculation includes: whitening the received signal and performing a Cordic based QR decomposition to the whitened channel matrix {tilde over (H)} and the whitened received signal {tilde over (Y)} to obtain triangular matrix R and Y=QHL?HY.

Abstract: A system is provided that includes a patch, which includes a plurality of electrodes and is configured to be coupled to a subject. A mobile device includes a computer processor configured to receive, from a remote server, stimulation parameters derived from processing by the remote server of results from electrostimulation treatment of headaches of a plurality of other subjects; receive an input from a subject; and, in response to the input, while the patch is coupled to the subject, wirelessly communicate a control signal that causes the electrodes to apply stimulation to the subject using the received stimulation parameters as default stimulation parameters for the stimulation. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described including a system for electrostimulation. The system includes a patch (22), including a plurality of electrodes (24a, 24b), and a mobile device (28). A processor (30) of the mobile device is configured to receive an input from a subject (20) that indicates that the subject is experiencing a headache, and, in response to the input, while the patch is coupled to the subject, wirelessly communicate a control signal that causes the electrodes to stimulate the subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described, including a system for electrostimulation. The system includes a patch (22), including a plurality of electrodes (24a, 24b), and a mobile device (28). A processor (30) of the mobile device is configured to receive an input from a subject (20) that indicates that the subject is experiencing a headache, and, in response to the input, while the patch is coupled to the subject, wirelessly communicate a control signal that causes the electrodes to stimulate the subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described including a system for electrostimulation. The system includes a patch (22), including a plurality of electrodes (24a, 24b), and a mobile device (28). A processor (30) of the mobile device is configured to receive an input from a subject (20) that indicates that the subject is experiencing a headache, and, in response to the input, while the patch is coupled to the subject, wirelessly communicate a control signal that causes the electrodes to stimulate the subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A voice activity detector (100) includes a frame divider (201) for dividing frames of an input signal into consecutive sub-frames, an energy level estimator (202) for estimating an energy level of the input signal in each of the consecutive sub-frames, a noise eliminator (203) for analyzing the estimated energy levels of sets of the sub-frames to detect and eliminate from enhancement noise sub-frames and to indicate remaining sub-frames as speech sub-frames, and an energy level enhancer (205) for enhancing the estimated energy level for each of the indicated speech sub-frames by an amount which relates to a detected change of the estimated energy level for a current speech sub-frame relative to that for neighboring speech sub-frames.

Abstract: A method includes receiving an input signal carrying transmitted values by a receiver, which includes a decision device that produces estimates of the transmitted values. The input signal is filtered using a forward filter to produce a forward-filtered signal, and the estimates of the transmitted values are filtered using a backward filter to produce a backward-filtered signal. The decision device is applied to a composite signal produced from the forward-filtered and backward-filtered signals, so as to produce the estimates of the transmitted values. An accuracy of the estimates of the transmitted values is assessed, and coefficients of the forward filter are adapted depending on the assessed accuracy.

Abstract: Apparatus includes a slave equalizer chain, which includes a first decoder and a first adaptive filter including first coefficients, and is configured to filter a first signal using the first adaptive filter to produce a first filtered signal, to decode the first filtered signal using the first decoder to generate a first output, and to adapt the first coefficients based at least on the first output. A master equalizer chain includes a second decoder and a second adaptive filter including second coefficients, and is configured to filter a second signal using the second adaptive filter to produce a second filtered signal, to calculate a weighted combination of the second filtered signal and the first filtered signal produced in the slave equalizer chain, to decode the weighted combination using the second decoder to generate a second output, and to adapt the second coefficients based at least on the second output.

Abstract: A method for communication includes receiving a signal carrying data including multiple data units using at least first and second reception channels. The data units are encoded with first and second codes such that, when the data units are arranged in rows and columns, the rows are encoded with the first code and the columns are encoded with the second code. The data units received by the first and second reception channels are selectively combined to produce composite data, which includes at least one row or column that includes a first data unit received from the first reception channel and at least a second data unit received from the second reception channel. The first and second codes for the composite data are decoded, including the at least one row or column, so as to reconstruct the data.

Abstract: Apparatus includes a slave equalizer chain, which includes a first decoder and a first adaptive filter including first coefficients, and is configured to filter a first signal using the first adaptive filter to produce a first filtered signal, to decode the first filtered signal using the first decoder to generate a first output, and to adapt the first coefficients based at least on the first output. A master equalizer chain includes a second decoder and a second adaptive filter including second coefficients, and is configured to filter a second signal using the second adaptive filter to produce a second filtered signal, to calculate a weighted combination of the second filtered signal and the first filtered signal produced in the slave equalizer chain, to decode the weighted combination using the second decoder to generate a second output, and to adapt the second coefficients based at least on the second output.

Abstract: A method for communication includes receiving a signal carrying data including multiple data units using at least first and second reception channels. The data units are encoded with first and second codes such that, when the data units are arranged in rows and columns, the rows are encoded with the first code and the columns are encoded with the second code. The data units received by the first and second reception channels are selectively combined to produce composite data, which includes at least one row or column that includes a first data unit received from the first reception channel and at least a second data unit received from the second reception channel. The first and second codes for the composite data are decoded, including the at least one row or column, so as to reconstruct the data.

Abstract: A method includes receiving an input signal carrying transmitted values by a receiver, which includes a decision device that produces estimates of the transmitted values. The input signal is filtered using a forward filter to produce a forward-filtered signal, and the estimates of the transmitted values are filtered using a backward filter to produce a backward-filtered signal. The decision device is applied to a composite signal produced from the forward-filtered and backward-filtered signals, so as to produce the estimates of the transmitted values. An accuracy of the estimates of the transmitted values is assessed, and coefficients of the forward filter are adapted depending on the assessed accuracy.

Abstract: A voice activity detector (100) includes a frame divider (201) for dividing frames of an input signal into consecutive sub-frames, an energy level estimator (202) for estimating an energy level of the input signal in each of the consecutive sub-frames, a noise eliminator (203) for analyzing the estimated energy levels of sets of the sub-frames to detect and eliminate from enhancement noise sub-frames and to indicate remaining sub-frames as speech sub-frames, and an energy level enhancer (205) for enhancing the estimated energy level for each of the indicated speech sub-frames by an amount which relates to a detected change of the estimated energy level for a current speech sub-frame relative to that for neighboring speech sub-frames.