Abstract: Provided is a valve with which a seal member is not damaged when pressure accumulated near the seal member is released. This valve includes a valve box having a valve chamber, a valve seat provided in the valve chamber and having a seat surface, a stem including, at a tip end thereof, a valve element configured to abut against and move away from the seat surface due to an operation of an actuator, a seal space provided with a seal member configured to prevent a fluid from leaking, a seal opening space formed outside the seal space, and a seal pressing member configured to press and fix the seal member to a valve chamber side. The valve box is formed with a leak hole through which the seal space and the outside of the valve box communicate.

Abstract: A ball valve includes: a main body having a fluid inlet passage, a fluid outlet passage, and a column-shaped depression communicating with these passages and opening upward; a ball including a fluid communication passage and disposed at the column-shaped depression of the main body rotatably about a reference axis; an operating mechanism configured to cause the ball to rotate about the reference axis; a ball seat having a required opening on a peripheral wall thereof and disposed between the ball and the main body; a ball seat presser configured to press the ball seat; and a pressing screw configured to press the ball seat presser downward. The ball is rotated to achieve communication and cutoff. The ball seat has a substantially frustoconical shape having a bottom surface larger than a bottom of the depression in diameter, and an upper surface slightly smaller than the bottom surface in diameter.

Abstract: A ball valve includes: a main body having a fluid inlet passage, a fluid outlet passage, and a column-shaped depression communicating with these passages and opening upward; a ball including a fluid communication passage and disposed at the column-shaped depression of the main body rotatably about a reference axis; an operating mechanism configured to cause the ball to rotate about the reference axis; a ball seat having a required opening on a peripheral wall thereof and disposed between the ball and the main body; a ball seat presser configured to press the ball seat; and a pressing screw configured to press the ball seat presser downward. The ball is rotated to achieve communication and cutoff. The ball seat has a substantially frustoconical shape having a bottom surface larger than a bottom of the depression in diameter, and an upper surface slightly smaller than the bottom surface in diameter.

Abstract: A valve having a simple configuration that prevents the seat from being damaged by self-excited oscillation of the valve body and thus prevents seat leakage. The valve includes a valve casing having a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and a valve chamber; the valve chamber including a seat having a seat surface; a stem inserted into the valve casing so that the stem can be vertically movable; and a valve body arranged at a tip of the stem and capable of abutting on the seat surface of the seat due to the vertical movement of the stem such that a tip part of the valve body does not come into contact with the seat surface due to oscillation of the stem.

Abstract: A valve having a simple configuration that prevents the seat from being damaged by self-excited oscillation of the valve body and thus prevents seat leakage is disclosed. The valve includes a valve casing having a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and a valve chamber; the valve chamber including a seat having a seat surface; a stem inserted into the valve casing so that the stem can be vertically movable; and a valve body arranged at a tip of the stem and capable of abutting on the seat surface of the seat due to the vertical movement of the stem such that a tip part of the valve body does not come into contact with the seat surface due to oscillation of the stem.

Abstract: A data distribution system has a portable user terminal, which sends a portable terminal ID or memory card ID and electronic money are sent to a store-based terminal (10) and receives data content, a store-based terminal (11), which receives the portable terminal ID or memory card ID and electronic money from the portable user terminal (10), and which sends these to a billing center (12), along with a content ID and a store-based terminal ID, a billing center (12) that receives the content ID, the portable terminal ID or memory card ID, the store-based terminal ID, and the electronic money from the store-based terminal (11), and a content center (13), which receives the content ID, the portable terminal ID or memory card ID, and the store-based terminal ID, and which distributes data content, via the store-based terminal (11), to the portable terminal (10).

Abstract: A multiplexing-resultant surround signal is decoded into multiple-channel signals including at least a first left-channel signal, a first right-channel signal, and a rear-channel signal. Samples of the rear-channel signal are thinned out to generate a thinning-resultant rear-channel signal. The thinning-resultant rear-channel signal is subjected to a given process to convert the thinning-resultant rear-channel signal into a left surround-related signal and a right surround-related signal. The given process is designed to localize sound images at rear positions with respect to a listener when a rear loudspeaker is absent and only front loudspeakers are used. A surround-effect-added left-channel signal is generated on the basis of the first left-channel signal and the left surround-related signal. A surround-effect-added right-channel signal is generated on the basis of the first right-channel signal and the right surround-related signal.

Abstract: A surround signal processing system receives a surround signal and also a program of processing the surround signal. The received surround signal is decoded into multiple-channel signals according to the received program. The multiple-channel signals include a left surround signal and a right surround signal. The multiple-channel signals are converted into two-channel signals according to the received program. The two-channel signals are transmitted to a pair of loudspeakers respectively. During the conversion of the multiple-channel signals into the two-channel signals, the left surround signal and the right surround signal are subjected to filtering processes according to the received program so that the left surround signal and the right surround signal will be converted into filtering-resultant signals. The two-channel signals are generated on the basis of the filtering-resultant signals.

Abstract: A surround signal processing apparatus for reproducing surround sound through a pair of speakers arranged at front left and right positions with respect to a listener, based on a monaural rear surround signal input. A sound image localization apparatus is used, as well as a signal processing apparatus having a comb filter to render mutually non-correlative, a left-right pair of rear surround signals based on the monaural rear surround sound signal input.

Abstract: A surround signal processor reproduces multi-channel audio signals with a pair of left and right rear surround signals via a pair of speakers arranged at front left and right positions roughly symmetrically with respect to a listener. The processor has a sound image localizer with convolvers each of whose filter coefficients Hl and Hr are set based on head transfer functions for each channel of the rear surround signals as follows: Hl=(SF-AK)/(S.sup.2 -A.sup.2), where S and A denote transfer functions from each speaker to each listener's ear on the same and the opposite sides of each speaker, respectively; F and K denote transfer functions from positions at which each sound image is required to be localized to each listener's ear on the same and the opposite sides of each speaker, respectively.

Abstract: A surround signal processing apparatus by which an inputted rear surround signal can be reproduced, together with two-channel front stereophonic signals, through a pair of speakers arranged in front of and in substantially right-and-left symmetry about a listener, in such a way that two sound images of the reproduced rear surround signal can be localized at two predetermined positions relative to the listener. The inputted rear surround signal is processed by a filter. The signal processed by the filter is added to one of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to one of the pair of speakers. Further, an inversion signal of the filter-processed signal is added to the other of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to the other of the speakers.

Abstract: A surround signal processing apparatus, by which an inputted rear surround signal can be reproduced, together with two-channel front stereophonic signals, through a pair of speakers arranged in front of and in substantially right-and-left symmetry about a listener, in such a way that two sound images of the reproduced rear surround signal can be localized at two predetermined positions relative to the listener. The inputted rear surround signal is processed by a filter. The signal processed by the filter is added to one of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to one of the pair of speakers. Further, an inversion signal of the filter-processed signal is added to the other of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to the other of the speakers.

Abstract: A level detection circuit comprises a peak value detection and holding circuit having a capacitor which detects and holds the peak value of an input signal by charging the capacitor, an operation control circuit for supplying the input signal to the maximum value detection and holding circuit during a specific time interval to perform maximum value detection and holding operation, a discharge circuit which performs constant current discharge of a charged electric charge in the capacitor of the maximum value detection and holding circuit after the specific time interval, and a detection circuit for detecting the level of the input signal by measuring the time interval between a time point the constant current discharge of the capacitor by the discharge circuit is initiated and a time point the terminal voltage of the capacitor reaches a specific voltage.

Abstract: A bias current setting apparatus is used in a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus having a bias current supplying circuit and a magnetic head for recording an audio signal with the bias current on a magnetic tape.