Abstract: A toner for electrophotography contains a binder resin, a colorant and a releasing agent and has a viscosity, a storage modulus (G?) and a loss modulus (G?), in which the viscosity is 1×103 Pa·s or more and a loss tangent (tan ?) as the ratio of G? to G? is 0.4 or more at temperatures from 140° C. to 170° C.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a toner which is excellent in shelf stability for a long term by producing the toner through controlling the dispersion condition of the wax around the toner surface and through improving, not only the off-set resistance of the toner for rendering the fixing properties of the toner advantageous, but also the blocking resistance of the toner, wherein the toner contains a binder resin, a colorant, and a wax, wherein the amount of the wax is 3% by mass to 21% by mass, and the amount of the wax which is present in the portion of the toner particle which is in the range of from the outermost surface to the depth of 0.3 ?m in the toner particle is in a specified range, and at least a part of the wax is present as plural individual wax dispersion particles involved in the toner particles.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a toner which has sufficiently high chargeability and less toner spent to a carrier or the like even when several tens of thousands of image sheets are output, is capable of keeping high-charge property and flowability without causing substantial background smear or toner fogging, excels in low-temperature fixing property and hot-offset property, and has a wide range of fixing temperature as well as to provide a developer, an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, and an image forming method using the toner for developing electrostatic images. The toner of the present invention comprises a colorant, and a resin, and a fluoride compound, in which the fluoride compound exists on the surfaces of toner particles, and the atomic number ratio (F/C) of fluoride atoms to carbon atoms existing on the surfaces of the toner particles is 0.010 to 0.054.

Abstract: In a bottom emission type light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate, which is opposite from a light-emitting device, is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by the light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 3° and 20°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus substantially has higher extraction efficiency and a higher brightness in a specific direction.

Abstract: To provide an image forming method including: forming a latent electrostatic image on a photoconductor; developing the latent electrostatic image using a toner to form a visible image; transferring the visible image onto a recording medium; fixing the transferred visible image to the recording medium; and removing toner particles remained on the photoconductor by means of a cleaning blade, wherein the toner comprises an external additive, and the toner has an average circularity of 0.94 or more, and wherein the cleaning blade has a rebound resilience of 60% or more at 23° C., and the contact pressure of the cleaning blade against the photoconductor is 0.2 N/cm or less.

Abstract: A toner which includes a toner material, wherein the toner satisfies the following formula: 0° C.??Tm?20° C. where ?Tm represents Tma (° C.)?Tmb (° C.), Tma (° C.) is ½ flown-out temperature of the toner by a capillary type flow tester, and Tmb (° C.) is ½ flown-out temperature of a melt kneaded mixture of the toner by the capillary type flow tester, and wherein Tma is from 130° C. to 200° C.

Abstract: After entering a transparent substrate 9 of an organic EL device and passing through this substrate 9, an outside light L1 further passes through a transparent layer 10, a transparent electrode 12, and an organic light emitting layer 13 to be reflected by a reflective electrode 14. Herein, the reflective electrode 14 has irregularities and therefore the outside light L1 is diffused and reflected by this at various angles. These reflected lights are further diffused when passing through a boundary between the organic light emitting layer 13 and the transparent electrode 12 and through an irregularity surface 11 of the transparent layer 10, and outgo from the transparent substrate 9 toward a liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: In a light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate on which a light-emitting device is formed is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by a light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 4° and 30°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus emits substantially a greater amount of light from a light extraction side and has less brightness unevenness than a light-emitting apparatus with no uneven surface.

Abstract: In a bottom emission type light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate, which is opposite from a light-emitting device, is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by the light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 3° and 20°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus substantially has higher extraction efficiency and a higher brightness in a specific direction.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a developer having a sharp charge amount distribution and bringing out high-quality image without substantially smearing a charging unit, developing units, a photoconductor, and an intermediate transferring member by the developer, namely, a developer capable of providing an appropriate image density and exhibiting extremely little background smear even when used over a long period of time and repeatedly used for a number of sheets of paper as well as to provide an image forming apparatus for electrophotography using the developer.

Abstract: In a bottom emission type light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate, which is opposite from a light-emitting device, is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by the light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 3° and 20°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus substantially has higher extraction efficiency and a higher brightness in a specific direction.

Abstract: The object is to provide a toner which can be smoothly replrenished by a toner replenishing device using a powder pump even when the toner containes a releasing agent, and an image forming apparatus using the toner. There is provided a toner, which comprises a binder resin, a colorant and a releasing agent, has a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.15 to 0.35, and is replenished by the toner replenishing device having a powder pump configured to automatically supply the toner and a toner container arranged in conjuction with the powder pump so as to develop a latent electrostatic image on a image bearing member.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a toner which is excellent in shelf stability for a long term by producing the toner through controlling the dispersion condition of the wax around the toner surface and through improving, not only the off-set resistance of the toner for rendering the fixing properties of the toner advantageous, but also the blocking resistance of the toner, wherein the toner contains a binder resin, a colorant, and a wax, wherein the amount of the wax is 3% by mass to 21% by mass, and the amount of the wax which is present in the portion of the toner particle which is in the range of from the outermost surface to the depth of 0.3 ?m in the toner particle is in a specified range, and at least a part of the wax is present as plural individual wax dispersion particles involved in the toner particles.

Abstract: A toner including toner particles including a binder resin, a colorant, and an inorganic particulate material present on a surface of the toner particles. The toner particles have a surface roughness (Ra) of from 1 to 30 nm, a standard deviation of the surface roughness of from 10 to 90 nm and include 1 to 20 convexities per 1 ?m, which have a height not less than 10 nm.

Abstract: In an electroluminescent element, a first electrode having first and second opposite surfaces is layered on a substrate so as to contact the substrate on its first surface. A luminescent layer containing a light-emitting layer is layered on the first electrode so as to contact the second surface of the first electrode. A second electrode having first and second opposite surfaces is layered on the luminescent layer so as to contact the luminescent layer on its first surface. The second surface of the second electrode is at least partially exposed. A first terminal is provided on the second surface of the first electrode at a portion that does not contact the luminescent layer. A second terminal is partially formed in the exposed portion. At least one of the first and second electrodes is transparent. The first and second terminals are connected to a power source.

Abstract: An image forming method including: forming a toner image on a support using a toner including toner particles; and feeding the support bearing the toner image thereon through a nip between an endless toner heating member and a pressure roller to fix the toner image on the support, wherein the endless toner heating member is rotated while stretched by a fixing roller and a heat roller which includes a magnetic metal and which is heated by electromagnetic induction, and wherein the pressure roller presses the support to the endless toner heating member and the fixing roller at the nip, wherein the toner particles are prepared by a polymerizing method using a binder resin containing at least a modified polyester resin.

Abstract: A toner including a binder resin; and a colorant, wherein a hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-soluble component satisfies the following relationship: 2,000?Mn?7,000 and 1.5?Mn/Mw?10 wherein Mn represents a number-average molecular weight and Mw represents a weight-average molecular weight.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image, includes: a colorant; and a binder resin. The toner has a particle including at least one pore having a diameter of 10 nm or over, and a porosity thereof is in a range from 0.01 to 0.60.

Abstract: In a light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate on which a light-emitting device is formed is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by a light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope &Dgr;a of the uneven surface is in a range between 4° and 30°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus emits substantially a greater amount of light from a light extraction side and has less brightness unevenness than a light-emitting apparatus with no uneven surface.

Abstract: A toner for electrophotography contains a binder resin, a colorant and a releasing agent and has a viscosity, a storage modulus (G′) and a loss modulus (G″), in which the viscosity is 1×103 Pa.s or more and a loss tangent (tan &dgr;) as the ratio of G′ to G″ is 0.4 or more at temperatures from 140° C. to 170° C.