Abstract: A substrate treatment method includes: performing a first heat treatment on a substrate on which a coating film of a metal-containing resist has been formed and subjected to an exposure treatment, to form the metal-containing resist into a precursor in an exposed region of the coating film; thereafter, performing a second heat treatment on the substrate to condense the metal-containing resist formed into the precursor in the exposed region of the coating film; and thereafter, performing a developing treatment on the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed at providing an electrophotographic cleaning blade that has excellent chipping resistance and can exhibit excellent cleaning performance. This cleaning blade is provided with an elastic member that includes a polyurethane and a support member that supports the elastic member, and cleans the surface of a member to be cleaned that is moving, by bringing a part of the elastic member into contact with the surface of the member to be cleaned. The average value of the elastic modulus of the elastic member obtained when measured using SPM is at least 15 MPa and not more than 470 MPa, and the coefficient of variation thereof is not more than 6.0%.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed at providing an electrophotographic cleaning blade that has excellent chipping resistance and can exhibit excellent cleaning performance. This cleaning blade is provided with an elastic member that comprises a polyurethane and a support member that supports the elastic member, and cleans the surface of a member to be cleaned that is moving, by bringing a part of the elastic member into contact with the surface of the member to be cleaned. The average value of the elastic modulus of the elastic member obtained when measured using SPM is at least 15 MPa and not more than 470 MPa, and the coefficient of variation thereof is not more than 6.0%.

Abstract: There is provided a cleaning blade including an elastic member and a supporting member, in which a free end of the elastic member has an edge and a hardened surface constituting the edge. The cleaning blade satisfies a relationship of 0.10?DHs?0.40 and DHs?DHm where DHs (mN/?m2) represents a dynamic hardness of the hardened surface and DHm (mN/?m2) represents a maximum value of a dynamic hardness obtained in a positional range in which a distance L from the edge on a straight line that bisect an angle of the edge satisfies 0 ?m<L?200 ?m and in AFM-IR spectrum of the hardened surface, peak intensity ? C?O free (1724 to 1736 cm?1) derived from a urethane group and peak intensity ? C?O bond (1708 to 1720 cm?1) derived from a urethane group hydrogen bond has a specific relationship.

Abstract: Provided is a cleaning blade including: an elastic member; and a supporting member supporting the elastic member. The elastic member includes a free end portion, and the free end portion has an edge and a first surface and a second surface that form the edge. At least one of the first surface and the second surface has a hardened surface. The following expression (1): 0.1?DHs?0.4 and the following expression (2): DHs<DHm are satisfied, where DHs (mN/?m2) represents a dynamic hardness of the hardened surface, and DHm (mN/?m2) represents a maximum value of the dynamic hardness obtained in a positional range in which a distance L from the edge on a straight line that bisects an angle of the edge in a cross-section of the elastic member orthogonal to a longitudinal direction thereof satisfies 0 ?m<L?100 ?m.

Abstract: There is provided a cleaning blade including an elastic member and a supporting member, in which a free end of the elastic member has an edge and a hardened surface constituting the edge. The cleaning blade satisfies a relationship of 0.10?DHs?0.40 and DHs?DHm where DHs (mN/?m2) represents a dynamic hardness of the hardened surface and DHm (mN/?m2) represents a maximum value of a dynamic hardness obtained in a positional range in which a distance L from the edge on a straight line that bisect an angle of the edge satisfies 0 ?m<L?200 ?m and in AFM-IR spectrum of the hardened surface, peak intensity ? C?O free (1724 to 1736 cm?1) derived from a urethane group and peak intensity ? C?O bond (1708 to 1720 cm?1) derived from a urethane group hydrogen bond has a specific relationship.

Abstract: Provided is a cleaning blade including: an elastic member; and a supporting member supporting the elastic member. The elastic member includes a free end portion, and the free end portion has an edge and a first surface and a second surface that form the edge. At least one of the first surface and the second surface has a hardened surface. The following expression (1): 0.1?DHs?0.4 and the following expression (2): DHs<DHm are satisfied, where DHs (mN/?m2) represents a dynamic hardness of the hardened surface, and DHm (mN/?m2) represents a maximum value of the dynamic hardness obtained in a positional range in which a distance L from the edge on a straight line that bisects an angle of the edge in a cross-section of the elastic member orthogonal to a longitudinal direction thereof satisfies 0 ?m<L?100 ?m.

Abstract: An essentially “U” shaped endless elastic loop gasket, with the opening facing inwardly, has multipurpose uses with flanged containers. A foil can be stretched over the top of a raised ridge on top of the multipurpose elastic loop gasket on the flanged containers to form a closure. A foil can alternately be placed over the container flange around the container opening under the elastic loop gasket to form a closure. The elastic loop is stretched to encompass both the foil and flange and then released to secure the foil over the container opening. A first foil can be placed between the elastic loop gasket and container flange and a second foil can be placed over the raised ridge forming an insulation area over the container opening. Heat-resistant elastic loop gaskets of low heat conductivity enable the pan or container to be placed in an oven or refrigerator and removed by bare hands.

Abstract: An essentially “U” shaped endless elastic loop gasket, with the opening facing inwardly, has multipurpose uses with flanged containers. A foil can be stretched over the top of a raised ridge on top of the multipurpose elastic loop gasket on the flanged containers to form a closure. A foil can alternately be placed over the container flange around the container opening under the elastic loop gasket to form a closure. The elastic loop is stretched to encompass both the foil and flange and then released to secure the foil over the container opening. A first foil can be placed between the elastic loop gasket and container flange and a second foil can be placed over the raised ridge forming an insulation area over the container opening. Heat-resistant elastic loop gaskets of low heat conductivity enable the pan or container to be placed in an oven or refrigerator and removed by bare hands.

Abstract: A contact charging roller includes a support member and a conductive coating member. The conductive coating member is composed of a seamless tube that contains at least (1) a non-polar resin or a styrene-type thermoplastic elastomer excluding a poly(styrene-hydrogentaged butadiene-styrene) block terpolymer and (2) a polar resin or an elastomer having a polar functional group containing at least nitrogen or oxygen, and contains carbon black in an amount of 10% to 60% by mass with respect to the total mass of the non-polar resin or elastomer and the polar resin or elastomer.

Abstract: Charging roller has at least a support member and a conductive covering member, the charging roller where a value of tan ? expressed in a ratio of a storage elastic modulus and a loss elastic modulus by dynamic viscoelasticity in a cross sectional direction of the charging roller at 25° C. is 0.2 or more in a range of 1 to 20 kHz and 0.2 or less in a range of 1 to 10 Hz, or a charging roller where the conductive covering member is constructed of two or more layers and a value of tan ? in at least one layer other than a surface layer is 0.2 or more at 10 Hz in a range of 10 to 50° C. and a value of tan ? in a cross sectional direction of the whole charging roller is 0.2 or less at 10 Hz in a range of 10 to 50° C.

Abstract: In a conductive roller having a conductive substrate, a conductive elastic layer and a conductive cover layer, the conductive cover layer is formed of a seamless tube containing a thermoplastic polymer, the surface of the conductive roller is coated with an inorganic compound the particle surfaces of which have been subjected to hydrophobic treatment, and the roller having been coated therewith has a glossiness of from 7.5% or more to less than 22.0%. This conductive roller can make toner and external additives less adhere to the roller surface, can prevent the faulty images due to the adhesion of photosensitive-member abrasion dust and can well perform charging in the image reproduction from the initial stage to the last.

Abstract: Charging roller has at least a support member and a conductive covering member, the charging roller where a value of tan ? expressed in a ratio of a storage elastic modulus and a loss elastic modulus by dynamic viscoelasticity in a cross sectional direction of the charging roller at 25° C. is 0.2 or more in a range of 1 to 20 kHz and 0.2 or less in a range of 1 to 10 Hz, or a charging roller where the conductive covering member is constructed of two or more layers and a value of tan ? in at least one layer other than a surface layer is 0.2 or more at 10 Hz in a range of 10 to 50° C. and a value of tan ? in a cross sectional direction of the whole charging roller is 0.2 or less at 10 Hz in a range of 10 to 50° C.

Abstract: In a conductive roller having a conductive substrate, a conductive elastic layer and a conductive cover layer, the conductive cover layer is formed of a seamless tube containing a thermoplastic polymer, the surface of the conductive roller is coated with an inorganic compound the particle surfaces of which have been subjected to hydrophobic treatment, and the roller having been coated therewith has a glossiness of from 7.5% or more to less than 22.0%. This conductive roller can make toner and external additives less adhere to the roller surface, can prevent the faulty images due to the adhesion of photosensitive-member abrasion dust and can well perform charging in the image reproduction from the initial stage to the last.

Abstract: A contact charging roller composed of a support member and a conductive coating member is disclosed. The conductive coating member is composed of a seamless tube that contains a non-polar resin or elastomer and a polar resin or elastomer.