Abstract: A variable magnification optical system (ZL) comprises a first lens group (G1) having negative refractive power, and a rear group (GR) having at least one lens group, the distance between lens groups adjacent to each other changes when the magnification is changed, and the following conditional expression is satisfied. 0.90<TLt/ft<1.50 where TLt is the total length of the variable magnification optical system (ZL) in a telephoto end state, and ft is the focal distance of the variable magnification optical system (ZL) in the telephoto end state.

Abstract: A method of producing a compound represented by formula (3): includes: step (1) of performing coupling of a monodispersed polyethylene glycol derivative represented by formula (4) shown below with a compound represented by formula (5) shown below using a base catalyst having a pKa in an aqueous solution of 15 to 20 to obtain a compound represented by formula (6) shown below, step (2) of deprotecting the protective group A of the compound represented by the formula (6) to obtain a compound represented by formula (7) shown below, and step (3) of subjecting the compound represented by the formula (7) to separatory purification; and step (4) of subjecting the compound represented by the formula (7) to deprotection treatment or reduction treatment to obtain the compound represented by formula (3), in an order described above, where Y2, n, A, B, and Z are as defined herein:

Abstract: An intermediate for production of a branched type hetero monodispersed polyethylene glycol which is represented by formula (2), the intermediate being represented by formula (3) or (40): where X1, L1, L3, Y1, Y2, and n are as defined herein.

Abstract: A branched type hetero monodispersed polyethylene glycol represented by formula (1) where X1, Y1, n, E, L1, L2 and L3 are as defined herein.

Abstract: A branched type hetero monodispersed polyethylene glycol represented by formula (1) (X1 and Y1 each represents an atomic group containing at least a functional group capable of reacting with a functional group present in a biofunctional molecule to form a covalent bond, provided that the functional group contained in the atomic group X1 and the functional group contained in the atomic group Y1 are different from each other, n represents a number of repeating units of a monodispersed polyethylene glycol and is an integer of 6 to 30, E is a branch site having a divalent bond valence number to L2 and a monovalent bond valence number to L3 and represents a glycerol site, L1 and L2 each independently represents a single bond or a divalent organic group, and L3 represents a single bond, -L4-(CH2)m1— or -L4-(CH2)m2-L5-(CH2)m3—, L4 represents any of an ether bond, an amide bond and a urethane bond, L5 represents an amide bond or a urethane bond, and m1, m2 and m3 each independently represents an integer or 1 to 5.

Abstract: A hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol containing a compound represented by the following formula (1): NH2—(CH2CH2O)a—CH2CH2COOH??(1) (in the formula (1), a represents an integer from 6 to 40); wherein any of (A) a chromatogram detected by a differential refractometer when the hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol is separated using reverse phase chromatography, (B) a chromatogram detected by a differential refractometer when the hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol is separated using cation exchange chromatography, and (C) a chromatogram detected by a differential refractometer when the hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol containing a compound represented by the formula (1) shown above is derivatized and separated using anion exchange chromatography satisfy specific relational expressions, respectively.

Abstract: A hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol containing a compound represented by the following formula (1): NH2—(CH2CH2O)a—CH2CH2COOH??(1) (in the formula (1), a represents an integer from 6 to 40); wherein any of (A) a chromatogram detected by a differential refractometer when the hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol is separated using reverse phase chromatography, (B) a chromatogram detected by a differential refractometer when the hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol is separated using cation exchange chromatography, and (C) a chromatogram detected by a differential refractometer when the hetero type monodispersed polyethylene glycol containing a compound represented by the formula (1) shown above is derivatized and separated using anion exchange chromatography satisfy specific relational expressions, respectively.

Abstract: A composition for copper patterning and a method of copper patterning using the composition are provided, which composition is excellently safe in copper patterning, sintering at lower temperatures, and capable of forming a highly conducive copper pattern of a desired shape even on a plastic substrate. The composition contains Component A: a copper ?-ketocarboxylate compound of formula (1): (R1, R2: H or C1-C6 straight- or C3-C6 branched-hydrocarbon group, etc.); and based on 1 mol of this compound, Component B: an amine compound having a boiling point of not higher than 250° C. at 0.1 to 500 mol; and Component C-1: an organic acid having pKa of not more than 4 at 0.01 to 20 mol, and/or Component C-2: an organic copper compound composed of copper and an organic acid having pKa of not more than 4 at 0.01 to 100 mol. The composition is useful in the field of electronics.

Abstract: A composition for copper patterning and a method of copper patterning using the composition are provided, which composition is excellently safe in copper patterning, sintering at lower temperatures, and capable of forming a highly conducive copper pattern of a desired shape even on a plastic substrate. The composition contains Component A: a copper ?-ketocarboxylate compound of formula (1): (R1, R2: H or C1-C6 straight- or C3-C6 branched-hydrocarbon group, etc.); and based on 1 mol of this compound, Component B: an amine compound having a boiling point of not higher than 250° C. at 0.1 to 500 mol; and Component C-1: an organic acid having pKa of not more than 4 at 0.01 to 20 mol, and/or Component C-2: an organic copper compound composed of copper and an organic acid having pKa of not more than 4 at 0.01 to 100 mol. The composition is useful in the field of electronics.

Abstract: A numerical controller for an industrial machine such as a robot and an assembling system utilizing plural robots. The numerical controller controls movements of plural movable portions of the industrial machine by a synchronous control in which plural movable portions are moved in a synchronized manner. Based on an operational program, the numerical controller identifies a movable portion or movable portions which must be moved independently from other movable portion. The identified movable portion or portions are moved by an independent control. On the other hand, movable portions which are not designated are moved by synchronous control. Further, plural groups of movable portions may be formed for the synchronous control. In this case, movable portions in each group are controlled in a synchronized manner independently from other groups.