Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to a flow reactor system (100) and a flow reaction method (200). The flow reactor system (100) comprises liquid pumps (110) for communicating liquid reagents based on a set of flow conditions, a fluid pump (200) for communicating a carrier fluid that is immiscible with the liquid reagents; a fluidic mixer (130) for mixing the liquid reagents into a liquid mixture, a measurement device (150) for measuring properties of liquid plugs (140) discharged from an outlet (136) of the fluidic mixer (130); and a control module configured for controlling the liquid pumps (110) and adjusting the flow conditions based on the measured properties of the liquid plugs (140), wherein the liquid plugs (140) are representative of different flow conditions.

Abstract: A data collection apparatus (10) and a computer-implemented data collection method (50) using the same are provided. The data collection apparatus (10) includes a first linear stage (12) and a second linear stage (14). A sample carriage (16) is attached to the first linear stage (12), the first linear stage (12) being operable to move the sample carriage (16) along a first axis. A probe carriage (18) is attached to the second linear stage (14), the second linear stage (14) being operable to move the probe carriage (18) along a second axis. A third linear stage (20) is attached to the probe carriage (18). In use, the third linear stage (20) is operable to receive a detachable characterisation probe (22) and to move the characterisation probe (22) along a third axis. A camera (24) is attached to the probe carriage (18). In use, the camera (24) is configured to capture an image of one or more samples on the sample carriage (16).

Abstract: A solar spectrum sensor, a consumer device and a method for determining an ambient solar spectrum. The solar spectrum sensor comprises a sensor unit configured for generating respective photo current outputs responsive to different parts of the solar spectrum; a measurement unit configured for measuring the respective photo current outputs from the sensor unit; and a processing unit for determining an average photon energy, APE, value of the solar spectrum from the measured photo current outputs and for determining the solar spectrum based on the determined APE.

Abstract: Embodiments related to systems and methods of crack detection in wafers (e.g., silicon wafers for photovoltaics, photovoltaic devices including silicon wafers) are disclosed. In some embodiments, an apparatus may include a light source configured to illuminate a side of a wafer and a camera directed towards a first face of the wafer. In some embodiments, a long axis of a field of view of the camera may be angled relative to a propagation direction of the light source. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the field of view of the camera is offset from the path of propagation of light emitted from the light source through the wafer. In some embodiments, at least a portion of a light beam may be oriented at a positive non-zero angle relative to the first face of the wafer, and a dimension of the light beam normal to the first face of the wafer may be larger than a thickness of the wafer.

Abstract: Embodiments related to solar modules and their manufacture are disclosed. In one embodiment, a solar module may include first and second solar cells with first and second interconnection wires disposed on upper and lower surfaces of one and/or both of the solar cells, and a cross-connect wire disposed between the solar cells and electrically connected to the first and second interconnection wires. A portion of each of the first and second interconnection wires may be removed to electrically isolate the upper surfaces from the lower surfaces of each solar cell while retaining an electrical connection between the upper surface of one cell with the lower surface of the adjoining solar cell through the cross-connect wire. In some embodiments, the first and second interconnection wires may be arranged as a plurality of offset wires located on opposing sides of the solar cells which may reduce stresses applied to the solar cells.

Abstract: A 2-terminal multi-junction solar cell having a thin film of metal halide semiconductor as the top solar-cell material and crystalline silicon as the bottom solar-cell material. In the illustrative embodiment, the top solar-cell material is a perovskite of the form AM(IxH1-x)3, where A is a cation, preferably methylammonium (CH3NH3), formamidinium ([R2N—CH?NR2]+), or cesium; M is metal, preferably Pb, Sn, Ge; H is a halide, preferably Br or Cl; and x=iodine fraction, in the range of 0 to 1, inclusive. The integration of the two solar-cell materials is enabled by the use of a tunnel junction composed of indirect band-gap material.

Abstract: A solar spectrum sensor, a consumer device and a method for determining an ambient solar spectrum. The solar spectrum sensor comprises a sensor unit configured for generating respective photo current outputs responsive to different parts of the solar spectrum; a measurement unit configured for measuring the respective photo current outputs from the sensor unit; and a processing unit for determining an average photon energy, APE, value of the solar spectrum from the measured photo current outputs and for determining the solar spectrum based on the determined APE.

Abstract: Embodiments related to systems and methods of crack detection in wafers (e.g., silicon wafers for photovoltaics, photovoltaic devices including silicon wafers) are disclosed. In some embodiments, an apparatus may include a light source configured to illuminate a side of a wafer and a camera directed towards a first face of the wafer. In some embodiments, a long axis of a field of view of the camera may be angled relative to a propagation direction of the light source. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the field of view of the camera is offset from the path of propagation of light emitted from the light source through the wafer. In some embodiments, at least a portion of a light beam may be oriented at a positive non-zero angle relative to the first face of the wafer, and a dimension of the light beam normal to the first face of the wafer may be larger than a thickness of the wafer.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein are related to methods for processing substrates such as silicon substrates. In some cases, the method may provide the ability to passivate a silicon surface at relatively low temperatures and/or in the absence of a solvent. Methods described herein may be useful in the fabrication of a wide range of devices, including electronic devices such as photovoltaic devices, solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, sensors, and the like.

Abstract: A 2-terminal multi-junction solar cell having a thin film of metal halide semiconductor as the top solar-cell material and crystalline silicon as the bottom solar-cell material. In the illustrative embodiment, the top solar-cell material is a perovskite of the form AM(IxH1-x)3, where A is a cation, preferably methylammonium (CH3NH3), formamidinium ([R2N—CH?NR2]+), or cesium; M is metal, preferably Pb, Sn, Ge; H is a halide, preferably Br or Cl; and x=iodine fraction, in the range of 0 to 1, inclusive. The integration of the two solar-cell materials is enabled by the use of a tunnel junction composed of indirect band-gap material.

Abstract: Method for making thin crystalline or polycrystalline layers. The method includes electrochemically etching a crystalline silicon template to form a porous double layer thereon, the double layer including a highly porous deeper layer and a less porous shallower layer. The shallower layer is irradiated with a short laser pulse selected to recrystallize the shallower layer resulting in a crystalline layer. Silicon is deposited on the recrystallized shallower layer and the silicon is irradiated with a short laser pulse selected to crystalize the silicon leaving a layer of crystallized silicon on the template. Thereafter, the layer of crystallized silicon is separated from the template. The process of the invention can be used to make optoelectronic devices.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein are related to methods for processing substrates such as silicon substrates. In some cases, the method may provide the ability to passivate a silicon surface at relatively low temperatures and/or in the absence of a solvent. Methods described herein may be useful in the fabrication of a wide range of devices, including electronic devices such as photovoltaic devices, solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, sensors, and the like.

Abstract: Method for making thin crystalline or polycrystalline layers. The method includes electrochemically etching a crystalline silicon template to form a porous double layer thereon, the double layer including a highly porous deeper layer and a less porous shallower layer. The shallower layer is irradiated with a short laser pulse selected to recrystallize the shallower layer resulting in a crystalline layer. Silicon is deposited on the recrystallized shallower layer and the silicon is irradiated with a short laser pulse selected to crystalize the silicon leaving a layer of crystallized silicon on the template. Thereafter, the layer of crystallized silicon is separated from the template. The process of the invention can be used to make optoelectronic devices.

Abstract: A crystalline material structure is provided. The crystalline material structure includes a semiconductor structure being annealed at temperatures above the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature of the semiconductor structure, and cooled in an approximately linear time-temperature profile down to approximately its respective transition temperature T0.