Abstract: An electrical signal converter with step variable gain comprises a variable gain circuit having its control inputs connected to the outputs of a sequencer for varying the gain of the variable gain circuit according to a step function of time. A negative feedback path between the output and the input of the variable gain circuit includes a second variable gain circuit, whose control inputs are connected to the outputs of the sequencer for varying the gain of the second variable gain circuit in inverse proportion to the abovementioned step function of time.

Abstract: A quadrature stepwave frequency converter comprises two variable-gain circuits, each connected to a sign reversing circuit adapted to reverse the sign of the gain. The absolute value of a converter gain depends on the number of the control inputs of the variable-gain circuits, at which binary signals have changed in a certain direction. The converter further comprises a sequencer 9 having two outputs respectively connected to the control inputs of the sign reversing circuits and its remaining outputs connected to the control inputs of the variable-gain circuits, so that the instants of changes in the binary signals at the mutually corresponding control inputs of different variable-gain circuits coincide.

Abstract: A reference voltage source comprises a bridge circuit having two avalanche diodes in a first pair of opposite arms and two resistors in a second pair of opposite arms, as well as two operational amplifiers, An AC-DC voltage converter has its input connected to an output terminal of the source. A voltage comparator have inputs connected to the output of the AC-DC voltage converter and the output of a DC voltage setting circuit. The output of the comparator is connected to the non-inverting input of one of the operational amplifiers.