Abstract: An array of nanometric dimensions consisting of two or more arms, positioned side by side, wherein the arms are of such nanometric dimensions that the beams can be moved or deformed towards or away from one another by means of a low voltage applied between the beams, whereby to produce a desired optical, electronic or mechanical effect. At nanometer scale dimensions structures previously treated as rigid become flexible, and this flexibility can be engineered since it is a direct consequence of material and dimensions. Since the electrostatic force between the two arms is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, a very considerable force will be developed with a low voltage of the order of 1-5 volts, which is sufficient to deflect the elements towards or away from one another.

Abstract: An array of nanometric dimensions consisting of two or more arms, positioned side by side, wherein the arms are of such nanometric dimensions that the beams can be moved or deformed towards or away from one another by means of a low voltage applied between the beams, whereby to produce a desired optical, electronic or mechanical effect. At nanometer scale dimensions structures previously treated as rigid become flexible, and this flexibility can be engineered since it is a direct consequence of material and dimensions. Since the electrostatic force between the two arms is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, a very considerable force will be developed with a low voltage of the order of 1-5 volts, which is sufficient to deflect the elements towards or away from one another.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with purification of a biologically active substance with the aid of a system of at least two immiscible aqueous phases; the process of the invention involves binding said substance to particles which have an affinity for said substance and distribute predominantly quantitative into one of said phases, and subsequently liberating said substance from said particles after separating the particle-containing phase from the other phase or the other phases.

Abstract: An improvement in carrying out assaying methods involving biospecific affinity reactions in which there are used from two to four reactants, one of which reactants, reactant (I), being labelled with at least one analytically indicatable atom or group and being soluble in the aqueous liquid wherein the biospecific affinity reaction is carried out, said reactants forming by biospecific affinity reactions a conjugate in which labelled reactant (I) is incorporated, and in which methods the analytically indicatable atom or group is assayed in the conjugate and/or in the free labelled reactant (I), said improvement being characterized in(a) using as at least one of said reactants a reactant which is modified in such a way that conjugate and free labelled reactant (I) are asymmetrically partitioned in a system of two immiscible aqueous liquid phases, which system in addition to water comprises in dissolved form(i) at least two polymers or(ii) at least one polymer and at least one salt or(iii) at least one polymer an