Abstract: This invention relates to a process for forming a reflection hologram. A process for forming a volume reflection hologram is provided wherein the formation of secondary holograms is suppressed by the placement of index matched filters contiguous to at least one surface of the photosensitive recording element during formation of the hologram.

Abstract: A positive charged electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) a non-polar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30,(B) thermoplastic resin particles, average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m,(C) a charge director compound, and(D) at least one inorganic acid having a solubility of at least 0.5% based on the weight of charge director compound in a mixture of (A) and (C) and represented by the formula:H.sub.x Ywherein x is an integer from 1-4 and is equal to the negative charge on the anion,Y is a moiety selected from the group consisting of Cl.sup.-, F.sup.-, NO.sub.3.sup.-, NO.sub.2.sup.-, PO.sub.4.sup.-3, SO.sub.4.sup.-2, SO.sub.3.sup.-2, ClO.sub.4.sup.-, and IO.sub.4.sup.-.The liquid developer is useful in copying, color proofing, digital color proofing, making lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention there is provided a process for the preparation of pigmented ink jet inks comprising:(a) mixing at least one pigment and at least one pigment dispersant in a dispersant medium to form a pigmented ink mixture wherein pigment is present in an amount up to 60% by weight based on the total weight of the mixture;(b) deflocculating the pigmented ink mixture by passing the pigmented ink mixture through at least a plurality of nozzles within a liquid jet interaction chamber at a liquid pressure of at least 1,000 psi to produce a substantially uniform dispersion of pigment particles in the dispersant medium.

Abstract: A liquid electrostatic developer consisting essentially of(A) a nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30 present in a major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having dispersed therein an aromatic nitrogen-containing compound which is substantially insoluble or immiscible in the nonpolar liquid at ambient temperatures as defined herein, the resin particles having an average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) a nonpolr liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound, and process for preparation. The developer is useful in copying and color proofing including digital color proofing, lithographic printing plates and resists.

Abstract: Bipolar liquid electrostatic developer consisting essentially of at least one charge director in a nonpolar liquid having dispersed therein two toner particles having opposite charge polarity which comprise at least one thermoplastic copolymer resin. The particle average by area size is less than 10 .mu.m. The ratio of the two toner particles is 5 to 95 and 95 to 5. A process of simultaneous transfer of such developer is included. The developer is useful in copying.

Abstract: Negative-working electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) particles, average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m, of a polymer prepared from the reaction product of polymeric resin having free carboxyl groups and a metal alkoxide as defined, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound.Optionally a colorant and an adjuvant compound are present. Process of preparation of electrostatic liquid developers is described. The developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, Lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: Holographic notch filters are provided that comprise photopolymer films, having an optical density of at least 2, mounted on a transparent substrate.

Abstract: Holographic photopolymer compositions having fluorinated binders are provided that produce excellent reflection holograms when holographically imaged.

Abstract: Wavelength response of volume holograms is altered by contact with a dry film diffusion element.

Abstract: Electrostatic liquid developer having improved negative charging characteristics consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, present in a major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having an average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m,(C) charge director compound, and(D) at least one soluble solid or liquid organic monofunctional amine compound of the formula: R.sub.n NH.sub.3-n wherein R is alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkylene, or substituted alkyl, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylene or substituted alkyl group being of 1 to 50 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of 1 to 3.Optionally, a colorant, e.g., a pigment; metallic soap, adjuvant can be present. The electrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: Positive electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having an organic sulfur-containing compound which is substantially insoluble in the nonpolar liquid at ambient temperatures, as defined dispersed therein and average particle size by area being less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound. Optionally a colorant and charge adjuvant are present. The electrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: A positive, liquid electrostatic developer consisting essentially of(A) a nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, present in a major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having dispersed therein a phosphorous-containing compound defined herein which is substantially insoluble or immiscible in the nonpolar liquid at ambient temperatures, the resin particles having an average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) a nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound, and process for preparation. The liquid developer is useful in copying, color proofing including digital color proofing, lithographic printing plates and resists.

Abstract: Electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) at least one thermoplastic resin having an average particle size by area of less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) at least one glyceride charge director as defined. Optionally a colorant and a charge adjuvant can be present. The elastrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs, including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, resists and medical hardcopies.

Abstract: Negative, liquid electrostatic developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount. `(B) thermoplastic resin particles having a hydroxycarboxylic acid as defined dispersed therein and average particle size by area being less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic compound which imparts a negative charge to the thermoplastic resin particles. Optionally additional adjuvants are present. The liquid electrostatic developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: A positive-working liquid electrostatic developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, present in major amount;(B) thermoplastic resin of an ethylene homopolymer or copolymer of ethylene and at least one other monomer, the resin having as a substituent thereon an ester, ester having substitutents, e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, alkyl; an amide, amide having substituents, e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, alkyl; or acid halide of a carboxylic acid, the resin being in particulate form having an average particle size by area of less than 10 .mu.m; and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic compound.Several procedures can be used to prepare the developer, e.g., using toner concentrate, modifying a thermoplastic resin before developer is prepared. Pigments and adjuvants can be present in the developer which is useful in copying, making proofs including digital proofs, lithographic printing plates and resists.

Abstract: Improved liquid electrostatic developer containing electrostatic toner particles is prepared by a process wherein an aqueous, e.g., water-wet pigment cake is flushed with a water insoluble vehicle, water is removed, and the developer is formed from the flushed pigment dispersion, thermoplastic resin, dispersant nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, in a vessel at elevated temperature under high shear, and the dispersion is cooled. The liquid electrostatic developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of toner particles for liquid electrostatic imaging comprising(A) mixing a thermoplastic resin and a nonpolar liquid at a temperature sufficient to plasticize and liquify the resin and below that at which the nonpolar liquid boils and the resin decomposes,(B) cooling the mixture to form resin particles in the nonpolar liquid,(C) reducing the size of the resin particles to below about 30 .mu.m by passing the product of step (B) through at least one liquid jet interaction chamber at a liquid pressure of at least 1000 p.s.i., e.g., a Microfluidizer.RTM..The process produces liquid electrostatic developer quicker than other known processes, the developer being useful in copying, making proofs, including digital proofs, etc.

Abstract: A liquid electrostatic developer containing negatively chargeable resin particles with improved charging characteristics, said developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, present in a major amount;(B) resin particles of a blend of at least two polymers, at least one polymer containing at least one acidic constituent having a pKa of less than 4.5 measured at 25.degree. C. in water, and the blend having an acid number of at least one due to said acidic constitutent; the resin particles having an average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound.A preferred polymer blend is composed of polystyrene and a sulfonated polymer, e.g., poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). The average resin particle size by area is less than 10 .mu.m. Optionally a colorant and other additives or adjuvants are present.

Abstract: Electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having a metallic soap as defined dispersed therein and average particle size by area being less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound. Optionally a colorant and charge adjuvant are present. The electrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: Electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having a metallic soap as defined dispersed therein and average particle size by area being less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound. Optionally a colorant and charge adjuvant are present. The electrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.