Abstract: A circuit is provided that has a safety-related digital input and an input circuit downstream of the safety-related digital input. The input circuit has a comparator circuit connected to the safety-related digital input and arranged to output a first value when a voltage applied to the comparator circuit is in a first range and to output a second value when the voltage applied to the comparator circuit is in a second range. The input circuit is also arranged to close a switch connected to the safety-related digital input for discharging capacitive elements in preparation for a test and to evaluate the voltage applied to the comparator circuit during the test.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling a load. The circuit includes a semiconductor power switch having a control input, a first power connection and a second power connection, a comparator circuit having a first input, a second input and an output for outputting an output signal, and a voltage source which is galvanically isolated from the load and is arranged to supply the comparator circuit with power. The first input of the comparator circuit is connected to the first power connection of the semiconductor power switch and a supply connection of the comparator circuit is connected to the second power connection of the semiconductor power switch and to the galvanically isolated voltage source.

Abstract: A safe digital input circuit with a first input and a second input for reading in a sensor signal with a clock generator to generate a clock signal is shown. The safe digital input circuit includes a first clock output and a second clock output for connecting sensors to safely shut down a plant. A first and a second signal line are connected to a clock generator output of the clock generator to forward the clock signal to the first and second clock output.

Abstract: A safety circuit for the multi-channel processing of an input signal. The safety circuit includes an analog-to-digital conversion device having a first analog input and a second analog input and at least one digital output for processing the input signal. Furthermore, the safety circuit has a test device which is set up to apply a test signal at the first and/or second input of the A/D conversion device in such a way that the test signal superposes the input signal such that the test signal dominates the input signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for easily determining the composition of plastic waste that has been pressed into bales. Here, the proportion of plastic on at least one surface of a bale is determined with the aid of an NIR spectrum and, optionally, an image from a visual system. In a preferred embodiment, the proportion of plastic of a bale is determined on a plurality of sides of a bale. This increases the accuracy of the method. By way of the method according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention, it is consequently possible to undertake a quality control of plastic waste that has been pressed into bales, which quality control is fast, reproducible and documentable.

Abstract: A method of improving the low temperature properties of a middle distillate fuel composition comprising: (a) a nitrogen-containing dispersant; and (b) one or more low temperature property enhancers which are not fumarate vinyl ester copolymers and which are selected from (x) wax antisettling additives; (y) middle distillate flow improvers and mixtures thereof; the method comprising adding to the fuel an additive (c) which is a copolymer comprising units of formula (A): and units of formula (B): wherein R is an alkyl group and each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for easily determining the composition of plastic waste that has been pressed into bales. Here, the proportion of plastic on at least one surface of a bale is determined with the aid of an NIR spectrum and, optionally, an image from a visual system. In a preferred embodiment, the proportion of plastic of a bale is determined on a plurality of sides of a bale. This increases the accuracy of the method. By way of the method according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention, it is consequently possible to undertake a quality control of plastic waste that has been pressed into bales, which quality control is fast, reproducible and documentable.

Abstract: A safety circuit for the multi-channel processing of an input signal. The safety circuit includes an analog-to-digital conversion device having a first analog input and a second analog input and at least one digital output for processing the input signal. Furthermore, the safety circuit has a test device which is set up to apply a test signal at the first and/or second input of the A/D conversion device in such a way that the test signal superposes the input signal such that the test signal dominates the input signal.

Abstract: A method for establishing a bidirectional communication path in a wireless network, where the network includes nodes comprising a sink node and a plurality of subscriber nodes, and where the communication path for the bidirectional transmission of data packets is to be established between the sink node and at least one queried node of the subscriber nodes. An uplink path from a particular subscriber node to the sink node is determined by periodically exchanging path messages between adjacent nodes of the network, where a particular path message signals the respectively shortest distance to the sink node, i.e., as a metric. A downlink path from the sink node to the at least one queried node is determined by inserting an address list into at least one of the path messages sent by the sink node, which list comprises the address of a respectively queried node.

Abstract: Mineral oil compositions with trace portions of additives contain as additive a comb polymer containing ester linkages, either based on a) ethylene-vinylester copolymers modified by hydroxy groups or glycidyl groups with molecular mass weight averages from 3000 to 50000 and an ethylene portion of 50 to 90 mass %, and b) partially imidated and/or partially esterified maleic anhydride copolymers, wherein in the comb polymer based on a) and b) the modified ethylene-vinylester copolymer component is connected by means of ester linkages to the partially imidated and/or partially esterified maleic anhydride copolymer component, or a comb polymer containing ester linkages based on c) ethylene-vinylester copolymers modified by acid and/or acid anhydride groups with molecular mass weight averages from 3000 to 50000 and an ethylene portion of 50 to 90 mass %, and d) polyalcohols partially esterified with C12-C40-monocarboxylic acids wherein in the comb polymer based on c) and d) the ethylene-vinylester copolymer c

Abstract: An additive mixture as component of a composition of mineral oil as main component and trace portions of an additive mixture containing the additive components a) ethylene-vinylester copolymers modified by polar groups with molecular mass weight averages from 3000 to 50000 and an ethylene component of 50 to 90 mass %, and b) C2-C6-oxyalkyl-bridged C12-C40-monocarboxylic acids, and/or c) partially and/or completely imidated copolymers of unsaturated C4-C20-dicarboxylic acid anhydrides and vinyl aromatics and/or C2-C36-?-olefins, whereby the content of the additive mixture in the mineral is 0.005 to 1 mass %. The compositions are suitable as flowable media to be transported at low temperatures and as mineral oil fuels with high lubricity and flowability.

Abstract: Special guide means 7 are located in the interior of a loop reactor for circulating the reactor contents. The guide means 7 has at least one central gas supply means 1 with gas distribution means 2 attached thereto for gas charging into the guide means 7. These loop reactors are used, e.g., as biogas reactors for treatment of biowastes or renewable raw materials. The gas distribution means 2 as gas guide elements are open to the bottom and are located above the gas exit openings 3 of the central gas supply means 1.

Abstract: A stacked die package includes a substrate or interposer board that includes a contact area on a top surface and landing pads surrounding the contact area. Solder pads are disposed on an opposite side of the substrate. The solder pads are electrically connected with the landing pads by inner board wiring. A reconstituted die, which includes a die surrounded by a frame, is mounted over the substrate. A top die is mounted over the reconstituted die. Both the reconstituted die and the top die are electrically connected to the substrate, e.g., by wire bonds.

Abstract: A stacked die package includes a substrate or interposer board that includes a contact area on a top surface and landing pads surrounding the contact area. Solder pads are disposed on an opposite side of the substrate. The solder pads are electrically connected with the landing pads by inner board wiring. A reconstituted die, which includes a die surrounded by a frame, is mounted over the substrate. A top die is mounted over the reconstituted die. Both the reconstituted die and the top die are electrically connected to the substrate, e.g., by wire bonds.

Abstract: A stacked die package includes a substrate or interposer board that includes a contact area on a top surface and landing pads surrounding the contact area. Solder pads are disposed on an opposite side of the substrate. The solder pads are electrically connected with the landing pads by inner board wiring. A reconstituted die, which includes a die surrounded by a frame, is mounted over the substrate. A top die is mounted over the reconstituted die. Both the reconstituted die and the top die are electrically connected to the substrate, e.g., by wire bonds.

Abstract: An additive mixture as component of a composition of mineral oil as main component and trace portions of an additive mixture containing the additive components a) ethylene-vinylester copolymers modified by polar groups with molecular mass weight averages from 3000 to 50000 and an ethylene component of 50 to 90 mass %, and b) C2-C6-oxyalkyl-bridged C12-C40-monocarboxylic acids, and/or c) partially and/or completely imidated copolymers of unsaturated C4-C20-dicarboxylic acid anhydrides and vinyl aromatics and/or C2-C36-?-olefins, whereby the content of the additive mixture in the mineral is 0.005 to 1 mass %. The compositions are suitable as flowable media to be transported at low temperatures and as mineral oil fuels with high lubricity and flowability.

Abstract: Mineral oil compositions with trace portions of additives contain as additive a comb polymer containing ester linkages, either based on a) ethylene-vinylester copolymers modified by hydroxy groups or glycidyl groups with molecular mass weight averages from 3000 to 50000 and an ethylene portion of 50 to 90 mass %, and b) partially imidated and/or partially esterified maleic anhydride copolymers, wherein in the comb polymer based on a) and b) the modified ethylene-vinylester copolymer component is connected by means of ester linkages to the partially imidated and/or partially esterified maleic anhydride copolymer component, or a comb polymer containing ester linkages based on c) ethylene-vinylester copolymers modified by acid and/or acid anhydride groups with molecular mass weight averages from 3000 to 50000 and an ethylene portion of 50 to 90 mass %, and d) polyalcohols partially esterified with C12-C40-monocarboxylic acids wherein in the comb polymer based on c) and d) the ethylene-vinylester copolymer co

Abstract: An additive mixture as component of compositions of mineral oil as the main component and trace portions of an additive mixture contains the additive components a) ethylene-vinylester copolymers with molecular mass weight averages from 3000 to 50000 and an ethylene proportion of 50 to 90 mass %, and b) mixed esters of glycerine in which 50 to 80 mol % of the hydroxy groups are esterified with unsaturated C12-C40 monocarboxylic acids and 20 to 50 mol % of the hydroxy groups are esterified with partially imidated and/or partially esterified maleic anhydride copolymers, and/or c) partially and/or completely imidated copolymers consisting of maleic anhydride and ?-methylstyrene with molecular mass number averages from 1500 to 15000 and at least one terminal group based on dimeric ?-methyl styrene, and/or d) wax compositions based on natural starting materials of type d1) wax-like oligomeric esters based on glyceryl monostearate and dimeric acid and/or d2) wax esters with vaseline-like consistency, based on at l

Abstract: Special guide means 7 are located in the interior of a loop reactor for circulating the reactor contents. The guide means 7 has at least one central gas supply means 1 with gas distribution means 2 attached thereto for gas charging into the guide means 7. These loop reactors are used, e.g., as biogas reactors for treatment of biowastes or renewable raw materials. The gas distribution means 2 as gas elements are open to the bottom and are located above the gas exit openings 3 of the central gas supply means 1.

Abstract: A stacked die package includes a substrate or interposer board that includes a contact area on a top surface and landing pads surrounding the contact area. Solder pads are disposed on an opposite side of the substrate. The solder pads are electrically connected with the landing pads by inner board wiring. A reconstituted die, which includes a die surrounded by a frame, is mounted over the substrate. A top die is mounted over the reconstituted die. Both the reconstituted die and the top die are electrically connected to the substrate, e.g., by wire bonds.