Abstract: An object is to provide a drug which is useful in treating a nervous system disease. A drug containing vitamin B12 as an active ingredient according to the present invention has an M2 macrophage/microglia induction promoting effect, an M1 macrophage/microglia induction inhibiting effect, a nerve regeneration promoting effect, and the like and is very useful as a therapeutic agent for a nervous system disease, and particularly useful as a therapeutic agent for a central nervous system disease such as cerebral infarction, dementia, or spinal cord injury.

Abstract: An object is to provide a drug which is useful in treating a nervous system disease. A drug containing vitamin B12 as an active ingredient according to the present invention has an M2 macrophage/microglia induction promoting effect, an M1 macrophage/microglia induction inhibiting effect, a nerve regeneration promoting effect, and the like and is very useful as a therapeutic agent for a nervous system disease, and particularly useful as a therapeutic agent for a central nervous system disease such as cerebral infarction, dementia, or spinal cord injury.

Abstract: An object is to provide a drug which is useful in treating a nervous system disease. A drug containing vitamin B12 as an active ingredient according to the present invention has an M2 macrophage/microglia induction promoting effect, an M1 macrophage/microglia induction inhibiting effect, a nerve regeneration promoting effect, and the like and is very useful as a therapeutic agent for a nervous system disease, and particularly useful as a therapeutic agent for a central nervous system disease such as cerebral infarction, dementia, or spinal cord injury.

Abstract: A method of treating a central nervous system disease, the method including administering an agent including a therapeutically effective amount of vitamin B12 to a patient with a central nervous system disease to treat the central nervous system disease. This disclosure also relates to a method of promoting M2 macrophage/microglia induction, inhibiting M1 macrophage/microglia induction, and/or reducing the ratio of M1 macrophage/microglia to M2 macrophage/microglia in a patient in need thereof, the method including administering an agent including a therapeutically effective amount of vitamin B12 to the patient to promote M2 macrophage/microglia induction, inhibit M1 macrophage/microglia induction, and/or reduce the ratio of M1 macrophage/microglia to M2 macrophage/microglia. This disclosure also relates to a pharmaceutical product including vitamin B12.

Abstract: A method of treating a central nervous system disease, the method including administering an agent including a therapeutically effective amount of vitamin B12 to a patient with a central nervous system disease to treat the central nervous system disease. This disclosure also relates to a method of promoting M2 macrophage/microglia induction, inhibiting M1 macrophage/microglia induction, and/or reducing the ratio of M1 macrophage/microglia to M2 macrophage/microglia in a patient in need thereof, the method including administering an agent including a therapeutically effective amount of vitamin B12 to the patient to promote M2 macrophage/microglia induction, inhibit M1 macrophage/microglia induction, and/or reduce the ratio of M1 macrophage/microglia to M2 macrophage/microglia. This disclosure also relates to a pharmaceutical product including vitamin B12.

Abstract: A device for measuring undulation of a brake disc in a railway wheel with brake discs includes a wheel support supporting a hub's bore of the railway wheel; a first displacement gauge for measuring a height displacement of the brake disc frictional surface for one round to follow rotation of the wheel support; and a second displacement gauge for measuring a height displacement of a railway wheel rim surface for one round to follow rotation of the wheel support. A computing unit calculates a difference between maximum and minimum values of the height displacement of the frictional surface by acquiring measurement data from the first displacement gauge, calculates a difference between the maximum and minimum values of the height displacement of the rim's surface by acquiring measurement data from the second displacement gauge, and derives a difference between the both calculated differences as brake disc undulation.

Abstract: A device for assembling a railway wheel with brake discs, the brake discs arranged to face each other across a railway wheel web and a center-deviation prevention key penetrating the web, includes a disc support supporting an internal hole of one of the brake discs; a wheel support provided concentrically with the disc support within the disc support, and supporting a hub's bore of the railway wheel on the brake disc supported by the disc support; and a bolt support provided concentrically with the disc support and the wheel support outside of the disc support, and supporting the bolt to correspond to bolt holes formed in the brake discs and the web of the railway wheel. The disc support and the wheel support are individually rotatable about a railway wheel central axis. The disc and wheel supports and the bolt support move up and down relatively to each other.

Abstract: A device for assembling a railway wheel with brake discs, the brake discs arranged to face each other across a railway wheel web and a center-deviation prevention key penetrating the web, includes a disc support supporting an internal hole of one of the brake discs; a wheel support provided concentrically with the disc support within the disc support, and supporting a hub's bore of the railway wheel on the brake disc supported by the disc support; and a bolt support provided concentrically with the disc support and the wheel support outside of the disc support, and supporting the bolt to correspond to bolt holes formed in the brake discs and the web of the railway wheel. The disc support and the wheel support are individually rotatable about a railway wheel central axis. The disc and wheel supports and the bolt support move up and down relatively to each other.

Abstract: A device for measuring undulation of a brake disc in a railway wheel with brake discs includes a wheel support supporting a hub's bore of the railway wheel; a first displacement gauge for measuring a height displacement of the brake disc frictional surface for one round to follow rotation of the wheel support; and a second displacement gauge for measuring a height displacement of a railway wheel rim surface for one round to follow rotation of the wheel support. A computing unit calculates a difference between maximum and minimum values of the height displacement of the frictional surface by acquiring measurement data from the first displacement gauge, calculates a difference between the maximum and minimum values of the height displacement of the rim's surface by acquiring measurement data from the second displacement gauge, and derives a difference between the both calculated differences as brake disc undulation.

Abstract: A target engine torque Tem and a target pump torque TPm are calculated based on a target speed ratio em set in accordance with the operational state of a vehicle, and a target lockup torque TLCm is calculated by subtracting the target pump torque TPm from the target engine torque Tem. Using, as a feed-forward term, a basic linear solenoid output pressure Qbase for generating the target lockup torque TLCm in a lockup clutch, a feed-back term calculated based on a deviation de between the actual speed ratio e and the target speed ratio em is added to the basic linear solenoid output pressure Qbase, and the engage force of the lockup clutch is controlled by the resulting linear solenoid output pressure Qout. Thus, the actual speed ratio of the torque converter quickly and accurately follows the target speed ratio set in accordance with the operational state of the vehicle.

Abstract: When the change rate d.theta..sub.TH of an accelerator opening degree exceeds a reference value at a time point t.sub.0 as a result of the depression of an accelerator pedal, a predetermined target speed ratio eECONOMY taking preference of a specific fuel consumption up to such time is switched to a during-acceleration target speed ratio ePOWER taking preference of an accelerating performance. For a period from the time point t.sub.0 to a time point t.sub.2 until the actual speed ratio e reaches a minimum value, a feed-forward control is carried out in order to equalize the actual speed ratio e to the during-acceleration target speed ratio ePOWER. For a period from the time point t.sub.2 to a time point t.sub.3, a return-time target speed ratio eTRN gradually increased toward the predetermined target speed ratio eECONOMY is set, and a feed-back control is carried out in order to equalize the actual speed ratio e to the return-time target speed ratio eTRN.

Abstract: An improved carbon/metal composite which includes a carbon matrix and metal fibers distributed in the carbon matrix. The improvement is that the metal fibers are selected from (A) metal fibers in which the surfaces of at least a portion of the fibers are coated or alloyed with another material which has a tendency to form carbides which is equal to or lower than that of the metal constituting the metal fibers, (B) metal fibers including at least two different types of metal fibers which differ with respect to their dimensions and/or material, and (C) metal fibers distributed in the carbon matrix in such a manner that their content varies along the thickness of the composite, thereby imparting to the composite improved properties with respect to at least one of mechanical strength, impact resistance, wear resistance, and electric conductivity.

Abstract: An improved carbon/metal composite is disclosed which comprises a carbon matrix and metal fibers distributed in the carbon matrix. The improvement is that the metal fibers are selected from (A) metal fibers in which the surfaces of at least a portion of the fibers are coated or alloyed with another material which has a tendency to form carbides which is equal to or lower than that of the metal constituting the metal fibers, (B) metal fibers comprising at least two different types of metal fibers which differ with respect to their dimensions and/or material, and (C) metal fibers distributed in the carbon matrix in such a manner that their content varies along the thickness of the composite, thereby imparting to the composite improved properties with respect to at least one of mechanical strength, impact resistance, wear resistance, and electric conductivity.