Abstract: A decoding method includes: predicting a current block in an image using a reference block, to generate a prediction block; and generating a reconstructed block using the prediction block, wherein the generating includes: filtering for a boundary between the reconstructed block and a decoded neighboring block, using a first filter strength set using first prediction information for prediction of the current block and second prediction information for prediction of the decoded neighboring block; filtering for the boundary using a second filter strength set without using the second prediction information of the current block and the decoded neighboring block; and switching whether to execute the second filtering, based on the boundary, wherein the first filtering is in-loop filtering in which a filtered reconstructed block is used as a reference block for another block, and the second filtering is post filtering outside the loop.

Abstract: An image encoding method includes acquiring a constant bit rate or a variable bit rate, determining temporal layers for a plurality of images, and setting, in a case where the constant bit rate is selected, (1) a first bit rate type of a top temporal layer to the constant bit rate, and (2) a second bit rate type of one or more other layers to the variable bit rate. The method also includes setting, in a case where the variable bit rate is selected, both the first bit rate type of the top temporal layer and the second bit rate of the one or more layers to the variable bit rate. The method further includes encoding each of the plurality of images, prohibiting reference to the images with the temporal layers higher than each of the temporal layers that each of the images belongs to, and generating the bitstream.

Abstract: An image coding method includes: generating a predicted block; calculating a residual block; calculating quantized coefficients by performing transform and quantization on the residual block; calculating a coded residual block by performing inverse quantization and inverse transform on the quantized coefficients; generating a temporary coded block; determining whether or not an offset process is required, to generate first flag information indicating a result of the determination; executing the offset process on the temporary coded block when it is determined that the offset process is required; and performing variable-length coding on the quantized coefficients and the first flag information.

Abstract: A display method is a display method performed by a display device that operates in conjunction with a mobile object, and includes: determining which one of first surrounding information, which is video showing a surrounding condition of the mobile object and is generated using two-dimensional information, and second surrounding information, which is video showing the surrounding condition of the mobile object and is generated using three-dimensional data, is to be displayed, based on a driving condition of the mobile object; and displaying the one of the first surrounding information and the second surrounding information that is determined to be displayed.

Abstract: A moving picture decoding apparatus, method, and medium for decoding a current block are provided. A first candidate is derived from a first motion vector that has been used to decode a first block. The first block is adjacent to the current block. A second candidate having a second motion vector that includes a non-zero value is derived. The non-zero value is assigned to a corresponding reference picture. The second motion vector is not derived by decoding a block adjacent to the current block. A candidate is selected from a plurality of candidates, including the first candidate and the second candidate. The current block is decoded using the selected candidate. The second candidate includes the non-zero value of the corresponding reference picture, selected from a plurality of referable reference pictures.

Abstract: A generation method is disclosed. Two-dimensional (2D) images that are generated by photographing a space from different viewpoints with at least one camera are obtained. Resolutions of the 2D images are reduced to generate first images, respectively. Second images are generated from the 2D images, respectively such that a resolution of each of the second images is higher than a resolution of any one of the first images. First three-dimensional (3D) points are generated based on the first images. The first 3D points indicate respective first positions in the space. A second 3D point is generated based on the second images. The second 3D point indicates a second position in the space. A 3D model of the space is generated based on the first 3D points and the second 3D point.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data creation method in a client device includes: creating three-dimensional data of a surrounding area of the client device using sensor information that is obtained through a sensor equipped in the client device and indicates a surrounding condition of the client device; estimating a self-location of the client device using the three-dimensional data created; and transmitting the sensor information obtained to a server or an other client device.

Abstract: A method of performing motion vector prediction for a current block in a picture is provided which includes: deriving a candidate for a motion vector predictor to code a current motion vector of the current block, from a first motion vector of a first block that is spatially adjacent or temporally adjacent to the current block; adding the derived candidate to a list of candidates; and deriving at least one motion vector predictor based on a selected candidate from the list of candidates, wherein the deriving of the candidate includes determining whether to derive the candidate from the first motion vector, based on a type of a current reference picture and a type of a first reference picture, the current reference picture being referred to from the current block using the current motion vector, the first reference picture being referred to from the first block using the first motion vector.

Abstract: Circuity for executing operations is provided. The operations divide a picture into tiles. The tiles are coded to generate pieces of coded data, each of which corresponds to a different one of the tiles. A bitstream is generated to include the pieces of coded data. In this regard, the coding of the tiles includes generating a first code string by: coding a first tile with reference to coding information of an already-coded tile neighboring the first tile when a boundary between the first and already-coded tiles is a first boundary; and coding the first tile without reference to the coding information of the already-coded tile when the boundary between the first and already-coded tiles is a second boundary. The bitstream is generated to include tile boundary independence information, which indicates whether each boundary between the tiles is one of the first and second boundaries.

Abstract: An image decoding apparatus, method, and medium for decoding a current block included in a bitstream are provided. A first candidate, having a first motion vector that has been used to decode a first block, is searched for from one or more candidates. The first block is spatially or temporally adjacent to the current block. Two or more second candidates, each having a second motion vector being a zero vector, are derived when the first candidate is unavailable in the searching. A current block is decoded using derived candidates. The derived candidates include the two or more second candidates.

Abstract: An image coding method includes: deriving a candidate for a motion vector of a current block from a co-located motion vector; adding the candidate to a list; selecting the motion vector of the current block from the list; and coding the current block, wherein the deriving includes: deriving the candidate by a first derivation scheme in the case of determining that each of a current reference picture and a co-located reference picture is a long-term reference picture; and deriving the candidate by a second derivation scheme in the case of determining that each of the current reference picture and the co-located reference picture is a short-term reference picture.

Abstract: A terminal and method for receiving a video delivery of a video signal are provided. The method includes receiving, from a server, the video signal for successively replaying a set of videos selected from among a plurality of videos. The selected videos are respectively selected for each of a plurality of periods in accordance with rating values of the plurality of videos. The rating values are given by a plurality of users. The plurality of videos is obtained by taking an identical scene from a plurality of different viewpoints over a plurality of successive periods. The method further includes successively replaying the selected videos in accordance with the video signal, displaying any video among the plurality of videos, and further displaying when any subject is selected by a user from among a plurality of subjects included in the displayed video, a menu for rating the selected subject.

Abstract: An image encoding method including: a constraint information generating step of generating tile constraint information indicating whether or not there is a constraint in filtering on boundaries between adjacent tiles among a plurality of tiles obtained by dividing a picture, and storing the tile constraint information into a sequence parameter set; and a filter information generating step of generating, for each of the boundaries, one of a plurality of filter information items respectively indicating whether or not filtering is executed on the boundaries, and storing the plurality of filter information items into a plurality of picture parameter sets, wherein, in the filter information generating step, the plurality of filter information items which indicate identical content are generated when the tile constraint information indicates that there is the constraint in the filtering.

Abstract: This image generation method is for generating a virtual image by a processor using at least one of images obtained by cameras disposed in different positions and attitudes capturing the same target space in a three-dimensional (3D) space. The virtual image is a two-dimensional (2D) image of the target space viewed from a virtual viewpoint in the 3D space. When generating the virtual image using one or more second images captured by one or more second cameras, at least one of which is different from one or more first cameras that capture one or more first images serving as a basis among the images, a second process which includes at least one of luminance and color adjustments and is different from a first process performed to generate the virtual image using the one or more first images is performed on the one or more second images.

Abstract: An image coding method includes: selecting a first picture from plural pictures; setting a first temporal motion vector prediction flag which is associated with the first picture and is a temporal motion vector prediction flag indicating whether or not temporal motion vector prediction is to be used, to indicate that the temporal motion vector prediction is not to be used, and coding the first temporal motion vector prediction flag; coding the first picture without using the temporal motion vector prediction; and coding a second picture which follows the first picture in coding order, with referring to a motion vector of a picture preceding the first picture in coding order being prohibited.

Abstract: A method of encoding video including: writing a plurality of predetermined buffer descriptions into a sequence parameter set of a coded video bitstream; writing a plurality of updating parameters into a slice header of the coded video bitstream for selecting and modifying one buffer description out of the plurality of buffer descriptions; and encoding a slice into the coded video bitstream using the slice header and the modified buffer description.

Abstract: An image display method includes receiving an integrated image in which low-resolution images of a scene from different viewpoints are arranged, displaying the integrated image such that a low-resolution image among the low-resolution images is displayed in a first size, receiving a high-resolution image having a same viewpoint as the low-resolution image, the high-resolution image having a higher resolution than the low-resolution image, displaying the high-resolution image in a second size larger than the first size, and displaying the low-resolution image in a third size larger than the first size after the integrated image is displayed and before the high-resolution image is displayed in the second size.

Abstract: An image coding method using arithmetic coding. The method includes: performing arithmetic coding on a first flag that indicates whether or not an absolute value of a target coefficient in a target coefficient block is greater than 1; and performing arithmetic coding on a second flag that indicates whether or not the absolute value is greater than 2. In the arithmetic coding on the first flag and the arithmetic coding on the second flag, it is determined whether or not an immediately-prior coefficient block that has been coded immediately prior to the target coefficient block includes a coefficient having an absolute value greater than a threshold value. Based on a result of the determination, respective contexts to be used in the arithmetic coding on the first and second flags are selected.

Abstract: The image coding method includes: determining a context for a current block to be processed, from among a plurality of contexts; and performing arithmetic coding on the control parameter for the current block to generate a bitstream corresponding to the current block, wherein in the determining: the context is determined under a condition that control parameters of neighboring blocks of the current block are used, when the signal type is a first type, the neighboring blocks being a left block and an upper block of the current block; and the context is determined under a condition that the control parameter of the upper block is not used, when the signal type is a second type, and the second type is one of “mvd_l0” and “mvd_l1”.

Abstract: A display method is a display method performed by a display device that operates in conjunction with a mobile object, and includes: determining which one of first surrounding information, which is video showing a surrounding condition of the mobile object and is generated using two-dimensional information, and second surrounding information, which is video showing the surrounding condition of the mobile object and is generated using three-dimensional data, is to be displayed, based on a driving condition of the mobile object; and displaying the one of the first surrounding information and the second surrounding information that is determined to be displayed.