Abstract: The present invention provides a method for providing a paint film with improved cratering resistance, comprising making adjustments in the application of a liquid paint to a substrate so that the wet paint film immediately after application has a viscosity of 0.2 to 1.0 Pa·s at a strain rate of 5 sec−1 at 20° C., as measured by the static flow method, and has a storage modulus/loss modulus ratio within the range of 0.1 to 0.25 at an angular frequency of 10 rad/sec at 20° C., as measured by the oscillation method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for improving the smoothness of a film formed from a thermosetting liquid coating composition, comprising making adjustments in the application and heat curing of the coating composition onto a substrate, in such a manner that, at a temperature at which the thermal fluidity of the film reaches a maximum before the start of the curing reaction, the film has a storage modulus G′ of about 0.5 to about 20 Pa at a stress of 0.5 Pa and a frequency of 0.1 Hz, a loss modulus G″ of about 1.0 to about 20 Pa at a stress of 0.5 Pa and a frequency of 0.1 Hz, and a ratio of the storage modulus G′ to the loss modulus G″ (G′/G″) of about 0.3 to about 1.0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for improving the smoothness of a film formed from a thermosetting liquid coating composition, comprising making adjustments in the application and heat curing of the coating composition onto a substrate, in such a manner that, at a temperature at which the thermal fluidity of the film reaches a maximum before the start of the curing reaction, the film has a storage modulus G′ of about 0.5 to about 20 Pa at a stress of 0.5 Pa and a frequency of 0.1 Hz, a loss modulus G″ of about 1.0 to about 20 Pa at a stress of 0.5 Pa and a frequency of 0.1 Hz, and a ratio of the storage modulus G′ to the loss modulus G″ (G′/G″) of about 0.3 to about 1.0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for providing a paint film with improved cratering resistance, comprising making adjustments in the application of a liquid paint to a substrate so that the wet paint film immediately after application has a viscosity of 0.2 to 1.0 Pa·s at a strain rate of 5 sec−1 at 20° C., as measured by the static flow method, and has a storage modulus/loss modulus ratio within the range of 0.1 to 0.25 at an angular frequency of 10 rad/sec at 20° C., as measured by the oscillation method.

Abstract: A method for forming a two-layer coating film by applying under specified conditions, onto a material to be coated, two coatings in a state of two layers contacting each other, by the use of a die capable of discharging two coatings in a state of two layers contacting each other and then conducting baking, wherein a cured two-layer coating film superior in appearance and other properties is formed, without causing popping in the formed film during its baking.

Abstract: In a pigment dispersion comprising a pigment, a dispersing agent and an organic dispersing medium, the improvement wherein the dispersing agent is the reaction product of an amino resin, an alkyd resin or an acrylic resin with a silane coupling agent, or the reaction product of both an alkyd resin or an acrylic resin and an amino resin with a silane coupling agent.