Abstract: A grating part includes a first transparent substrate having an optical grating on a surface thereof, a second transparent substrate having an optical grating on a surface thereof, and a spacer positioned between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate, the spacer bonding the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate.

Abstract: A scale includes a base material, scale patterns arranged at a predetermined periodicity on a main surface of the base material, and a fluorine film that covers the scale patterns and is at least partly a monomolecular fluorine compound.

Abstract: A grating part includes a first transparent substrate having an optical grating on a first principal surface and a second transparent substrate having an optical grating on a first principal surface; a second principal surface of the first substrate on an opposite side from the first principal surface and a second principal surface of the second substrate on an opposite side from the first principal surface are bonded.

Abstract: A scale includes a base material, an intermediate layer of soft magnetic material formed on one surface of the base material and roughened on face thereof opposite to the base material, and a scale pattern of a conductor formed on the intermediate layer.

Abstract: There is provided a measuring tool attachment cover that combines ease of holding and performance (for example, heat insulation). An attachment cover includes a front face layer 110, a rear face layer 120 and an intermediate layer 130. The front face layer 110 and the rear face layer 120 are compact layers with low porosity, and the intermediate layer 130 is a hollow structural layer with higher porosity than the front face layer 110 and the rear face layer 120. The hollow structural layer includes two or more layers with different porosity, and a layer of the two or more layers closer to the front face has higher porosity than a layer closer to the rear face. A direction from the rear face layer 120 to the front face layer 110 is a thickness direction, and a direction orthogonal to the thickness direction is a width direction.

Abstract: A scale includes a base material, an intermediate layer of soft magnetic material formed on one surface of the base material and roughened on face thereof opposite to the base material, and a scale pattern of a conductor formed on the intermediate layer.

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate that is made of low expansion glass of which a thermal expansion coefficient is 1×10?7/K or less; and scale gratings having a plurality of gratings that are arranged on a first face of the substrate at a predetermined interval and are made of a transparent inorganic material of which a thermal expansion coefficient is more than 1×10?7/K.

Abstract: A scale includes a substrate, a scale pattern that has conductivity and is provided on a first main face of the substrate, and a conductive film that is provided on a second main face of the substrate, a base material of the conductive film being a resin material, a conductive material being added to the base material.

Abstract: A scale includes a substrate, a metal layer of Ni formed on one principal surface of the substrate, and a scale grating formed on the metal layer. A plurality of gratings of Cr are disposed at a predetermined interval in the scale grating.

Abstract: A scale includes a base material, scale patterns arranged at a predetermined periodicity on a main surface of the base material, and a fluorine film that covers the scale patterns and is at least partly a monomolecular fluorine compound.

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate; scale gratings that are formed on a face of the substrate and has a plurality of gratings at a predetermined interval; and a protective layer that is made of fluoride and covers the scale gratings and an exposed portion of the face of the substrate.

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate; scale gratings that are formed on a face of the substrate and has a plurality of metal gratings at a predetermined interval; and an inorganic transparent member that is provided between the plurality of metal gratings, wherein at least a surface of the face of the substrate is made of a metal, and wherein the scale gratings and the inorganic transparent member are exposed to atmosphere.

Abstract: A grating part includes a first transparent substrate having an optical grating on a first principal surface and a second transparent substrate having an optical grating on a first principal surface; a second principal surface of the first substrate on an opposite side from the first principal surface and a second principal surface of the second substrate on an opposite side from the first principal surface are bonded.

Abstract: A first carrier of a first planetary gear is coupled to an input member. A second rotary element of a fourth planetary gear is coupled to an output member. A first ring gear of the first planetary gear, a second sun gear of a second planetary gear, and a first rotary element of the fourth planetary gear are coupled together. A second carrier of the second planetary gear and a third carrier of a third planetary gear are coupled together. A third ring gear of the third planetary gear and a third rotary element of the fourth planetary gear are coupled together. A first engagement element engaging two of the second sun gear, the second carrier, and a second ring gear of the second planetary gear. A fourth engagement element engaging the second ring gear of the second planetary gear and a third sun gear of the third planetary gear.

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate; a first metal layer formed on the substrate; a second metal layer formed on the first metal layer; and scale gratings that are formed on the second metal layer and have a plurality of metal gratings at a predetermined interval, wherein the first metal layer is made of a first metal, wherein the second metal layer is made of a second metal, wherein adhesion of the first metal with the substrate is higher than adhesion of the second metal with the substrate, and wherein a reflectivity of the second metal with respect to a wavelength of a used light is higher than a reflectivity of the first metal layer with respect to the wavelength of the used light.

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate; scale gratings that are formed on a face of the substrate and has a plurality of metal gratings at a predetermined interval; and an inorganic transparent member that is provided between the plurality of metal gratings, wherein at least a surface of the face of the substrate is made of a metal, and wherein the scale gratings and the inorganic transparent member are exposed to atmosphere.

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate that is made of low expansion glass of which a thermal expansion coefficient is 1×10?7/K or less; and scale gratings having a plurality of gratings that are arranged on a first face of the substrate at a predetermined interval and are made of a transparent inorganic material of which a thermal expansion coefficient is more than 1×10?7/K.

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate; scale gratings that are formed on a face of the substrate and has a plurality of gratings at a predetermined interval; and a protective layer that is made of fluoride and covers the scale gratings and an exposed portion of the face of the substrate.

Abstract: An automatic transmission 20 includes: a Simpson type complex planetary gear train 25 including single pinion type first and second planetary gears 21 and 22 and single pinion type third and fourth planetary gears 23 and 24; first through fourth clutches C1 to C4; and first and second brakes B1 and B2. A first carrier 21c of the first planetary gear 21 is coupled to an input shaft 20i. A first ring gear 21r of the first planetary gear 21 is selectively connected to an output shaft 20o by the first clutch C1.

Abstract: An automatic transmission includes: a first gear train that includes a first drive gear always coupled to a first ring gear of a Ravigneaux type planetary gear mechanism and a first driven gear which is always coupled to an output gear and to which power is transferred from the first drive gear; a second gear train that includes a second drive gear always coupled to a first carrier of the Ravigneaux type planetary gear mechanism and a second driven gear which is rotated in the same direction as the first driven gear by power from the second drive gear, the second gear train having a gear ratio that is different from that of the first gear train; and a clutch that connects and disconnects the second driven gear and the output gear to and from each other.