Abstract: A fixing apparatus comprises a fixing roller, a pressing roller, a third roller disposed in parallel with the fixing roller, and a fixing belt wound around the fixing roller and the third roller. The fixing roller is pressed against the pressing roller via a fixing belt. The third roller or the fixing belt includes a heat generating resistive sheet. The heat generating resistive sheet rapidly heats the fixing belt. The fixing belt efficiently transfers heat to paper. The fixing roller does not need to transfer heat from the inside to the outside. Therefore, an elastic material layer is provided on the surface of the fixing roller.

Abstract: It is an exemplified object of the present invention to provide a developer, a development device and its elements, and an image-forming device that can more stably form a high-quality image by a relatively inexpensive and easy means. A noncontact-type development method according to the present invention utilizes a nonmagnetic and single component toner having a volume average particle diameter D (&mgr;m) and an average specific charge q/m (&mgr;C/g), a development roller having a ten-point average surface roughness Rz (&mgr;m), and a blade keeping in contact with the development roller at a blade line pressure Pb (gf/cm). In order to stably form a uniform toner layer dt (&mgr;m) on the development roller, the following relationship is to be met: dt=1.8×{q/m×Rz/(Pb−1)}½×D±0.25 D, and 1.5 D≦dt≦3.5 D.

Abstract: A liquid developing head is arranged to confront a surface of an image bearing member via a developing gap and a squeeze gap and carries out a developing by use of a developing liquid.