Abstract: An image performing apparatus and method for forming an image using a first image holding member and an intermediate transfer member for holding by primary transfer a toner image formed on the first image holder and for retransferring by secondary transfer the transferred toner image onto a second image holding member, wherein a contact angle between a surface layer of an intermediate transfer member and water is 50° to 120° and transfer-promoting particles are loaded onto the surface layer.

Abstract: A magnetic particle for charging is disclosed. The magnetic particle includes magnetic particles having particle diameters of 5 .mu.m or more. The magnetic particles having particle diameters of 5 .mu.m or more have a standard deviation of short-axis length/long-axis length of 0.08 or more, and a volume resistance value in the range of 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm. Also, provided are a charging member, a charging device, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus, using the magnetic particle.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging device including a charging member formed of magnetic particles and disposed contactable to the photosensitive member so as to charge the photosensitive member based on a voltage applied thereto, exposure device, developing device, and a transfer device. The magnetic particles exhibit a good charging ability for a long period and therefore provide a good continuous image-forming performance because they are formed of ferrite particles including a ferrite having a very limited composition represented by the formula of:(MnO).sub.x (MgO).sub.y (Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3).sub.z,wherein x, y and z are numbers satisfying x+y+z.ltoreq.1, 0.2<x<0.5, 0.05<y<0.25 and 0.4<z<0.6, and 0.01-3 wt. parts of phosphorus added per 100 wt. parts of the ferrite and contained preferentially at a larger concentration at the surfaces of the magnetic particles than in the entirety of the magnetic particles.

Abstract: This invention relates to an image forming apparatus comprises an image bearing member for bearing a toner image, an intermediate transfer member for allowing the toner image on the image bearing member to undergo electrostatic primary transfer thereto at the position of primary transfer and then enabling the toner image deposited thereon to undergo secondary transfer to a transfer material, and a charging member for charging a residual toner remaining on the intermediate transfer member after the second transfer of the toner image on the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material and consequently causing the residual toner charged by the charging member to be transferred at the position of primary transfer to the image bearing member. Wherein the sum of the surface roughness, Rz, of the intermediate transfer member and that of the charging member is not less than 1 .mu.m and not more than 50 .mu.m.