Abstract: The image decoding method includes determining a context for use in a current block to be processed, from among a plurality of contexts, wherein in the determining: the context is determined under a condition that control parameters of a left block and an upper block are used, when the signal type is a first type; and the context is determined under a third condition that the control parameter of the upper block is not used and a hierarchical depth of a data unit to which the control parameter of the current block belongs is used, when the signal type is a third type, and the third type is one or more of (i) “merge_flag”, (ii) “ref_idx_I0” or “ref_idx_I1”, (iii) “inter_pred_flag”, (iv) “mvd_I0” or “mvd_I1”, (v) “intra_chroma_pred_mode”, (vi) “cbf_luma”, and (vii) “cbf_cb” or “cbf_cr”.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method includes: generating a bitstream by encoding subspaces included in a current space in which three-dimensional points are included. The bitstream includes encoded data respectively corresponding to the subspaces. In the generating of the bitstream, a list of information about the subspaces is stored in first control information included in the bitstream. The subspaces are respectively associated with identifiers assigned to the subspaces, and the first control information is common to the encoded data. Each of the identifiers assigned to the subspaces respectively corresponding to the encoded data is stored in a header of a corresponding one of the encoded data.

Abstract: An image encoding method including: a constraint information generating step of generating tile constraint information indicating whether or not there is a constraint in filtering on boundaries between adjacent tiles among a plurality of tiles obtained by dividing a picture, and storing the tile constraint information into a sequence parameter set; and a filter information generating step of generating, for each of the boundaries, one of a plurality of filter information items respectively indicating whether or not filtering is executed on the boundaries, and storing the plurality of filter information items into a plurality of picture parameter sets, wherein, in the filter information generating step, the plurality of filter information items which indicate identical content are generated when the tile constraint information indicates that there is the constraint in the filtering.

Abstract: The image decoding method includes: determining a context for use in a current block to be processed, from among a plurality of contexts; and performing arithmetic decoding on a bit sequence corresponding to the current block, using the determined context, wherein in the determining: the context is determined under a condition that control parameters of neighboring blocks of the current block are used, when the signal type is a first type, the neighboring blocks being a left block and an upper block of the current block; and the context is determined under a condition that the control parameter of the upper block is not used, when the signal type is a second type, and the second type is one of “ref_idx_l0” and “ref_idx_l1”.

Abstract: A moving picture coding method includes (i) transforming, for each of one or more second processing units included in the first processing unit, a moving picture signal in a spatial domain into a frequency domain coefficient and quantizing the frequency domain coefficient, and (ii) performing arithmetic coding on a luminance CBF flag indicating whether or not a quantized coefficient is included in the second processing unit in which transform and quantization are performed, wherein, in the arithmetic coding, a probability table for use in arithmetic coding is determined according to whether or not the size of the first processing unit is identical to the size of the second processing unit and whether or not the second processing unit has a predetermined maximum size.

Abstract: An image coding method includes: writing, into a sequence parameter set, buffer description defining information for defining a plurality of buffer descriptions; selecting one of the buffer descriptions for each processing unit that is a picture or a slice, and writing buffer description selecting information for specifying the selected buffer description, into a first header of the processing unit which is included in the coded bitstream; and coding the processing unit using the selected buffer description, and the buffer description defining information includes long-term information for identifying, among a plurality of reference pictures indicated in the buffer descriptions, a reference picture to be assigned as a long-term reference picture.

Abstract: An image decoding method of decoding, on a block-by-block basis, image data included in a coded stream includes: deriving candidates for an intra prediction mode to be used for intra prediction for a decoding target block, the number of the candidates constantly being a plural number; obtaining, from the coded stream, an index for identifying one of the derived candidates for the intra prediction mode; and determining, based on the obtained index, one of the derived candidates for the intra prediction mode as the intra prediction mode to be used for intra prediction for the decoding target block.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method includes: obtaining third point cloud data that is a combination of first point cloud data and second point cloud data, and includes geometry information of each of three-dimensional points included in the third point cloud data, and identification information indicating which of the first point cloud data and the second point cloud data each of the three-dimensional points belongs to; and generating encoded data by encoding the third point cloud data obtained. In the generating, identification information of each of the three-dimensional points is encoded as attribute information.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method is a method of encoding three-dimensional points each having an attribute information item. The three-dimensional data encoding method includes: assigning each of the three-dimensional points to any one of layers; encoding the attribute information item of each three-dimensional point using the layers; and encoding information indicating a total number of three-dimensional points belonging to each of the layers.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method includes: determining a total number of layers; when the total number of the layers is greater than 1, selecting, from pieces of attribute information of three-dimensional points, attribute information of a three-dimensional point based on a sampling period according to a data order of the pieces of attribute information of the three-dimensional points, and classifying the pieces of attribute information of the three-dimensional points into layers by assigning a first layer to pieces of attribute information of three-dimensional points selected and a second layer to pieces of attribute information of three-dimensional points non-selected; encoding the pieces of attribute information of the three-dimensional points for each of the layers; and generating a bitstream including the pieces of attribute information encoded, layer-number information, and sampling period information.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method of encoding geometry information of a first three-dimensional point cloud located in a first area includes: selecting a moving method from among moving methods; determining a second area based on the moving method selected and the first area; moving a second three-dimensional point cloud located in the second area determined, to the first area, using a method in accordance with the moving method; encoding the geometry information of the first three-dimensional point cloud, based on encoded geometry information of the second three-dimensional point cloud moved to the first area; and generating a bitstream including the geometry information of the first three-dimensional point cloud encoded and moving information indicating the moving method. The moving methods include a method for rotating the second three-dimensional point cloud about a vertical axis of a mobile body that includes a sensor configured to generate the first three-dimensional point cloud.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encodes method of encoding three-dimensional data items in time series. Each of the three-dimensional data items includes a geometry information item and an attribute information item in association with a same time point. The three-dimensional data encoding method includes: first encoding of encoding the geometry information item; and second encoding of encoding the attribute information item with reference to the geometry information item associated with the same time point. The geometry information item and the attribute information item that are in association with the same time point are included in an access unit.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method is a three-dimensional data encoding method of encoding a plurality of three-dimensional points, and includes: selecting one prediction mode for calculating, using attribute information of a second three-dimensional point in a vicinity of a first three-dimensional point, a predicted value of attribute information of the first three-dimensional point; calculating a predicted value according to the one prediction mode; calculating a prediction residual that is a difference between the attribute information of the first three-dimensional point and the predicted value; and generating a bitstream that includes the one prediction mode and the prediction residual, and in the calculating of the predicted value, a predetermined fixed value is calculated as a predicted value calculated according to the one prediction mode in a case in which a predicted value based on the attribute information of the second three-dimensional point is not assigned to the one prediction mode.

Abstract: A display method is a display method performed by a display device that operates in conjunction with a mobile object, and includes: determining which one of first surrounding information, which is video showing a surrounding condition of the mobile object and is generated using two-dimensional information, and second surrounding information, which is video showing the surrounding condition of the mobile object and is generated using three-dimensional data, is to be displayed, based on a driving condition of the mobile object; and displaying the one of the first surrounding information and the second surrounding information that is determined to be displayed.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method includes: encoding divided data items to generate encoded data items each corresponding to a respective one of the divided data items, the divided data items being included in subspaces obtained by dividing a current space including three-dimensional points, the divided data items each including one or more three-dimensional points among the three-dimensional points; and generating a bitstream including the encoded data items and control information items each corresponding to a respective one of the encoded data items. Each of the control information items includes a first identifier and a second identifier. The first identifier indicates a subspace corresponding to an encoded data item corresponding to the control information item, and the second identifier indicates a divided data item corresponding to the encoded data item corresponding to the control information item.

Abstract: A data generator which achieves further improvement includes circuitry and memory connected to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation: obtains sensing data from each of a plurality of moving bodies that includes a plurality of sensors, the sensing data being configured based on results of sensing by the plurality of sensors; and generates synthesized data by mapping the sensing data of the moving body into a virtual space, and when generating the synthesized data, determines a position of the sensing data to be mapped into the virtual space, based at least on a position of the moving body in a real space corresponding to the sensing data.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method includes: encoding pieces of attribute information of respective three-dimensional points, using parameters; and generating a bitstream including the pieces of attribute information encoded, control information, and pieces of first attribute control information. The control information corresponds to the pieces of attribute information and includes pieces of type information each indicating a type of different attribute information, the pieces of first attribute control information correspond one-to-one with the pieces of attribute information, and each of the pieces of first attribute control information includes first identification information indicating that the first attribute control information is associated with one of the pieces of type information.

Abstract: An image coding method includes coding a motion vector difference indicating a difference between the motion vector and a predicted motion vector, wherein the coding includes: coding a first portion that is a part of a first component which is one of a horizontal component and a vertical component of the motion vector difference; coding a second portion that is a part of a second component which is different from the first component and is the other one of the horizontal component and the vertical component; coding a third portion that is a part of the first component and is different from the first portion; coding a fourth portion that is a part of the second component and is different from the second portion; and generating a code string which includes the first portion, the second portion, the third portion, and the fourth portion in the stated order.

Abstract: A management server obtains rating information indicating a second user's rating of a dish or restaurant, generates a first evaluation value of the first user's sense of taste based on a measurement test regarding the sense of taste, and generates a second evaluation value of the second user's sense of taste based on a measurement test regarding the sense of taste. One search filter for filtering dishes or restaurants based on rating results of the dishes or the restaurants rated by a second user who has a sense-of-taste characteristic similar to that of the first user is provided on a dish search screen. When the first user uses the search filter to filter dishes or restaurants, and when a first difference between the first and second evaluation values is in a first predetermined range, the second user's rating results are used to filter the dishes or the restaurant.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method of encoding three-dimensional points includes: calculating a new predicted value as a predicted value, using attribute information items of one or more second three-dimensional points neighboring a first three-dimensional point, and assigning the predicted value to at least one prediction mode among two or more prediction modes, the new predicted value being used for calculating an attribute information item of the first three-dimensional point; selecting one prediction mode from the two or more prediction modes; calculating a prediction residual which is a difference between the attribute information item of the first three-dimensional point and the predicted value of the one prediction mode selected; and generating a bitstream including the one prediction mode and the prediction residual.