Abstract: An endless belt includes a base material layer containing a polymer material and conductive particles, wherein, in an image obtained by observing a cross section taken along a thickness direction of the base material layer with an atomic force microscope, a proportion of a total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles is 9.0% or more and 14.5% or less with respect to a total cross-sectional area At of the base material layer, and a proportion of a total area Ab of cross sections of conductive particles having an area of 0.01 ?m2 or more among cross sections of the conductive particles is 28.0% or more and 65.0% or less with respect to the total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles.

Abstract: An endless belt contains a resin and a surface modifier. The endless belt has, at an outer circumferential surface thereof, a sea-island structure including a sea portion containing the resin and island portions containing the surface modifier. The area of the island portions is equal to or less than 5% of the total area of the outer circumferential surface.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a base material layer containing a polymer material and conductive particles, wherein, in an image obtained by observing a cross section taken along a thickness direction of the base material layer with an atomic force microscope, a proportion of a total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles is 9.0% or more and 14.5% or less with respect to a total cross-sectional area At of the base material layer, and a proportion of a total area Ab of cross sections of conductive particles having an area of 0.01 µm2 or more among cross sections of the conductive particles is 28.0% or more and 65.0% or less with respect to the total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a base material layer, the base material layer containing a polymer material and conductive particles, wherein in a section of the base material layer in a thickness direction, the conductive particles have an area ratio of 9.0% or more and 14.5% or less, an average value of areas of Delaunay triangles taking centers of gravity of the conductive particles as vertices is 0.10 ?m2 or more and 0.90 ?m2 or less, and a standard deviation of the areas is 0.010 ?m2 or more and 0.080 ?m2 or less.

Abstract: A sheet includes a first surface, a second surface, an adhesive portion, a fold-back portion, and a first area. The first surface extends in a first direction. The second surface is opposite to the first surface, and allows light to pass therethrough from the first surface to the second surface. The adhesive portion is a portion of the first surface to which an adhesive is applied, and is disposed at a first end portion of the sheet in the first direction. The fold-back portion is disposed on the first end portion. The first area is disposed on the adhesive portion between a first edge of the first end portion and the fold-back portion.

Abstract: In a photo stand sheet, the length of the photo stand sheet in a first direction is smaller than that in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The photo stand sheet includes: a frame part having a window part, the frame part having a rectangular shape in which the length in the first direction is larger than that in the second direction; a stand part that is formed so as to be continuous with the frame part and that stands on a ground after the photo stand sheet is formed into a final shape; and a photo part that is formed so as to be continuous with the stand part, the dimension thereof in the second direction being larger than the dimension of the frame part in the second direction.

Abstract: A sheet includes a first surface, a second surface, an adhesive portion, a fold-back portion, and a first area. The first surface extends in a first direction. The second surface is opposite to the first surface, and allows light to pass therethrough from the first surface to the second surface. the adhesive portion is a portion of the first surface to which an adhesive is applied, and is disposed at a first end portion of the sheet in the first direction. The fold-back portion is disposed on the first end portion. The first area is disposed on the adhesive portion between a first edge of the first end portion and the fold-back portion.

Abstract: A binding member includes: an upper tooth that has an upper tooth form for forming unevenness in a bundle of recording materials; and a lower tooth that has a lower tooth form for forming unevenness in the bundle of recording materials and that forms a pair with the upper tooth. At least one of the upper tooth form and the lower tooth form is formed such that, in a sectional shape, a groove is formed in a trough portion of a concave portion of a tooth form and a length of an inclined portion which comes into contact with the bundle of recording materials is made small compared to a case where the inclined portion of the tooth form has reached a bottom of the trough portion.

Abstract: There is provided a binding member. An upper toothed part having projections and recesses for forming irregularities in a bundle of recording materials. A lower toothed part having projections and recesses for forming irregularities in the bundle of recording materials and forming a pair with the upper toothed part. In at least one of the upper toothed part and the lower toothed part, in a cross section shape of the toothed part, the recesses of the toothed part have depressed areas depressed from virtual lines which are extensions of inclined surfaces of the toothed part.

Abstract: A binding processing device includes: a needle binding unit that forms a needle binding portion that binds a paper bundle using a needle; a needleless binding unit that forms a needleless binding portion that binds the paper bundle without using a needle; and a plurality of exit rolls that exit the bound paper bundle. A distance between the needleless binding portion and a center of the plurality of exit rolls is equal to or longer than a distance between the needle binding portion and the center.

Abstract: In a photo stand sheet, the length of the photo stand sheet in a first direction is smaller than that in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The photo stand sheet includes: a frame part having a window part, the frame part having a rectangular shape in which the length in the first direction is larger than that in the second direction; a stand part that is formed so as to be continuous with the frame part and that stands on a ground after the photo stand sheet is formed into a final shape; and a photo part that is formed so as to be continuous with the stand part, the dimension thereof in the second direction being larger than the dimension of the frame part in the second direction.

Abstract: There is provided a binding member. The binding member includes: an upper toothed part having projections and recesses for forming irregularities in a bundle of recording materials; and a lower toothed part having projections and recesses for forming irregularities in the bundle of recording materials and forming a pair with the upper toothed part. In at least one of the upper toothed part and the lower toothed part, in side surfaces of the recesses of one toothed part, when the upper toothed part and the lower toothed part are engaged, surfaces wide in a direction parallel to the pressing direction of the toothed parts are formed so as to be provided gaps between the upper toothed part and the lower toothed part.

Abstract: In a cross section shape of the toothed part, in gaps formed between a recesses and a projections when a upper toothed part and a lower toothed part are engaged without a bundle of recording materials, when the distances between the recesses and the projections in a pressing direction of the toothed part at positions where the distances from a center lines of the projections in a direction perpendicular to the pressing direction of the toothed part to the surfaces of the projections in the direction perpendicular to the pressing direction of the toothed part are a distance L1 are H1, and the distances between the recesses and the projections at positions where the distances from the center lines to surfaces of the projections in the direction perpendicular to the pressing direction of the toothed part are H2, a combination of L1 and L2 satisfies H1 is smaller than H2.

Abstract: A binding apparatus includes a first pressing member including a base part and multiple projections projecting from the base part, the first pressing member presses a recording media stack from one side; and a second pressing member including a base part and multiple projections projecting from the base part, the second pressing member facing the first pressing member and pressing the recording media stack from the other side. At least one of the first and second pressing members has at least one lower projection whose apex in a projecting direction closer to the base part than the apexes of the other projections are, and the lower projection is provided in the first or second pressing member that has more projections than the other, or more lower projections are provided in the first or second pressing member that has more projections than the other.

Abstract: There is provided a binding member. The binding member includes an upper toothed part having projections and recesses for forming irregularities in a bundle of recording materials; and a lower toothed part having projections and recesses for forming irregularities in the bundle of recording materials and forming a pair with the upper toothed part. In at least one of the upper toothed part and the lower toothed part, in some of parts of inclined surfaces of the toothed part which form the recesses, second curved surfaces having the centers of curvature on the opposite sides of the inclined surfaces to the centers of curvature of first curved surfaces which form the recesses are formed.

Abstract: A binding apparatus includes: a first pressing member that presses a recording-medium stack from one side of the recording-medium stack; a second pressing member that faces the first pressing member and presses the recording-medium stack from the other side of the recording-medium stack; and a suppressing part provided in at least one of the first pressing member and the second pressing member, the suppressing part suppressing damage to recording media that may be caused when a recording-medium stack including a smaller number of sheets than the maximum number of sheets that can be bound is bound with the first pressing member and the second pressing member.

Abstract: A binding member includes: an upper tooth that has an upper tooth form for forming unevenness in a bundle of recording materials; and a lower tooth that has a lower tooth form for forming unevenness in the bundle of recording materials and that forms a pair with the upper tooth. At least one of the upper tooth form and the lower tooth form is formed such that, in a sectional shape, a groove is formed in a trough portion of a concave portion of a tooth form and a length of an inclined portion which comes into contact with the bundle of recording materials is made small compared to a case where the inclined portion of the tooth form has reached a bottom of the trough portion.

Abstract: A recording-medium binding device includes a first tooth row and a second tooth row. The first tooth row and the second tooth row to be engaged with the first tooth row cooperate with each other to pinch a recording medium batch. The first tooth row and the second tooth row include at least one first region and at least one second region adjacent to the at least one first region. When the first tooth row and the second tooth row are engaged with each other, teeth of the first tooth row and teeth of the second tooth row overlap one another in a tooth height direction by a first engagement overlapping amount in the at least one first region and by a second engagement overlapping amount in the at least one second region. The second engagement overlapping amount is larger than the first engagement overlapping amount.

Abstract: A recording-medium binding device includes first and second tooth groups. The first tooth group includes first and second tooth rows. The second tooth group includes third and fourth tooth rows. The third tooth row to be engaged with the first tooth row forms, together with the first tooth row, a first tooth row pair. The fourth tooth row to be engaged with the second tooth row forms, together with the second tooth row, a second tooth row pair. A second engaging height in the second tooth row pair is smaller than a first engaging height in the first tooth row pair. A second effective tooth top width in the second tooth row pair is larger than a first effective tooth top width in the first tooth row pair.

Abstract: A recording-medium binding device includes a first tooth row including plural teeth and a second tooth row including plural teeth. The first and second tooth rows include a central region and end regions. The plural teeth of each of the first and second tooth rows include at least one tooth disposed in the central region and at least one tooth dispose in each of the end regions. In a process of pinching the recording medium batch, the at least one tooth of the first tooth row in the end region and the at least one tooth of the second tooth row in the end region pinch the recording medium batch earlier than the at least one tooth of the first tooth row in the central region and the at least one tooth of the second tooth row in the central region.