Abstract: The retardation film of the present invention contains at least one of an epoxy resin cured product and an epoxy (meth)acrylate resin cured product. In the retardation film of the present invention, in-plane birefringence index thereof at a wavelength of 590 nm is preferably 0.001 or more and a birefringence index in a thickness direction thereof at a wavelength of 590 nm is preferably 0.001 or more.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical film containing polyester with a specific structure, and methods for production thereof. Further, the invention also relates to an optical laminate, a polarizing plate, and an image display device each using the optical film. The polyester may be obtained by condensation polymerization of dicarboxylic acid compound(s) and bisphenol compound(s), and preferably has no halogen atom in its chemical structure. According to the invention, high productivity of the optical film can be achieved since the polyester has a high solubility in solvents, and an environmental loading for production can be reduced.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an optical film exhibiting a preferable wavelength dispersion and capable of being formed comparatively thinly. The present invention is an optical film containing the repeating unit represented by the following general formula (II). In the formula (II), A, A?, B, and B? each denote a substituent, a, a?, b, and b? denote the number of substituents of the corresponding A, A?, B, and B?. A, A?, B and B? each independently denote a halogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. R1 and R2 denote a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the like. X denotes —CO—, —SO2—, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical film exhibiting wavelength dispersion such that a retardation value is smaller on the shorter wavelength side, and capable of being also formed comparatively thinly. The optical film of the present invention is an optical film including a polyimide-based polymer represented by the following general formula (I). In the formula (I), m is 40% by mol or more and 100% by mol or less. R1 and R2 each independently denote a substituent having a carbon-carbon double bond or a triple bond. A, A?, B, B?, E, G, and H each denote a substituent, and small letters corresponding to these alphabets denote substitution number thereof. X and Y each independently denote bond part such as a covalent bond. The substituents having a carbon-carbon double bond or a triple bond represented by R1 and R2 are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted vinyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl group.

Abstract: An optical film of the present invention comprises a polyimide-based polymer represented by the following general formula (V). The optical film of the present invention exhibits an optical property such that wavelength dispersion of retardation scarcely changes ranging from the short wavelength side to the long wavelength side. Typically, the optical film of the present invention may be used as a retardation film of a liquid crystal display device.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal panel, in which a color shift in an oblique direction is small even when observed from any azimuth angle of 0° to 360°, and the viewing angle in the horizontal direction is wide.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel of the present invention includes at least a liquid crystal cell, a first polarizer disposed on one side of the liquid crystal cell, a second polarizer disposed on the other side of the liquid crystal cell and a retardation film (A) disposed between the liquid crystal cell and the first polarizer, wherein the retardation film (A) contains a thermoplastic polymer having at least a substituent (a) represented by the following formula (I) and its in-plane retardation value (Re[750]) at a wavelength of 750 nm is larger than its retardation value (Re[550]) at a wavelength of 550 nm. The liquid crystal panel has such an effect that it reduces coloring of characters or images and a color shift even if a screen is viewed from any direction at an angle range of 360°.

Abstract: There are provided a liquid crystal panel and a liquid crystal display apparatus each having an excellent screen contrast, a small color shift, and small display unevenness. The liquid crystal panel includes a liquid crystal cell; a first polarizer placed on one side of the liquid crystal cell; a second polarizer placed on the other side of the liquid crystal cell; and at least two optical compensation layers including a first optical compensation layer and a second optical compensation layer placed between the first polarizer and the second polarizer.

Abstract: The retardation film of the present invention contains a thermoplastic polymer having at least a side chain component (A) oriented in a direction substantially orthogonal to a slow axis, and the absorption edge wavelength (?cut-off) of the side chain component (A) is 330 nm or more, and an in-plane retardation value (Re[450]) at a wavelength of 450 nm is smaller than that (Re[650]) at a wavelength of 650 nm. In the above-mentioned retardation film, the difference (?Re650?450=Re[650]?Re[450]) between the in-plane retardation value (Re[650]) at a wavelength of 650 nm and the in-plane retardation value (Re[450]) at a wavelength of 450 nm is preferably 10 nm or more. The retardation film of the present invention exhibits optical characteristics in which the in-plane birefringence is large and the difference between a retardation value on the short wavelength side and a retardation value on the long wavelength side is large.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel of the present invention includes at least a liquid crystal cell, a first polarizer disposed on one side of the liquid crystal cell, a second polarizer disposed on the other side of the liquid crystal cell and a retardation film (A) disposed between the liquid crystal cell and the first polarizer, wherein the retardation film (A) contains a thermoplastic polymer having at least a substituent (a) represented by the following formula (I) and its in-plane retardation value (Re[750]) at a wavelength of 750 nm is larger than its retardation value (Re[550]) at a wavelength of 550 nm. The liquid crystal panel has such an effect that it reduces coloring of characters or images and a color shift even if a screen is viewed from any direction at an angle range of 360°.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal panel, in which a color shift in an oblique direction is small even when observed from any azimuth angle of 0° to 360°, and the viewing angle in the horizontal direction is wide.

Abstract: There are provided a liquid crystal panel and a liquid crystal display apparatus each having an excellent screen contrast, a small color shift, and small display unevenness. The liquid crystal panel includes a liquid crystal cell; a first polarizer placed on one side of the liquid crystal cell; a second polarizer placed on the other side of the liquid crystal cell; and at least two optical compensation layers including a first optical compensation layer and a second optical compensation layer placed between the first polarizer and the second polarizer.

Abstract: A user registration processor unit registers the user registration information to the database, which includes the public key certification acquired from the certification authority that has jurisdiction over each party by the request from the transaction party including seller, buyer, and transportation company. A transfer registration processor unit changes the access right holder and the cargo owner of the shipment information registered to the database at the start of transaction in compliance with the request for request for changing registration of the party with the digital signature and public key certification attached. A verification processor unit achieves the transfer registration with legal binding power by verifying that the digital signature attached to the request for request for changing registration has been prepared by the private key which makes a pair with the public key certificate registered to the database and receiving the approval of the other party.

Abstract: A user registration processor unit registers the user registration information to the database, which includes the public key certification acquired from the certification authority that has jurisdiction over each party by the request from the transaction party including seller, buyer, and transportation company. A transfer registration processor unit changes the access right holder and the cargo owner of the shipment information registered to the database at the start of transaction in compliance with the request for request for changing registration of the party with the digital signature and public key certification attached. A verification processor unit achieves the transfer registration with legal binding power by verifying that the digital signature attached to the request for request for changing registration has been prepared by the private key which makes a pair with the public key certificate registered to the database and receiving the approval of the other party.

Abstract: A multiplexing-resultant surround signal is decoded into multiple-channel signals including at least a first left-channel signal, a first right-channel signal, and a rear-channel signal. Samples of the rear-channel signal are thinned out to generate a thinning-resultant rear-channel signal. The thinning-resultant rear-channel signal is subjected to a given process to convert the thinning-resultant rear-channel signal into a left surround-related signal and a right surround-related signal. The given process is designed to localize sound images at rear positions with respect to a listener when a rear loudspeaker is absent and only front loudspeakers are used. A surround-effect-added left-channel signal is generated on the basis of the first left-channel signal and the left surround-related signal. A surround-effect-added right-channel signal is generated on the basis of the first right-channel signal and the right surround-related signal.

Abstract: A surround signal processing apparatus for reproducing surround sound through a pair of speakers arranged at front left and right positions with respect to a listener, based on a monaural rear surround signal input. A sound image localization apparatus is used, as well as a signal processing apparatus having a comb filter to render mutually non-correlative, a left-right pair of rear surround signals based on the monaural rear surround sound signal input.

Abstract: A surround signal processing apparatus by which an inputted rear surround signal can be reproduced, together with two-channel front stereophonic signals, through a pair of speakers arranged in front of and in substantially right-and-left symmetry about a listener, in such a way that two sound images of the reproduced rear surround signal can be localized at two predetermined positions relative to the listener. The inputted rear surround signal is processed by a filter. The signal processed by the filter is added to one of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to one of the pair of speakers. Further, an inversion signal of the filter-processed signal is added to the other of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to the other of the speakers.

Abstract: A surround signal processing apparatus, by which an inputted rear surround signal can be reproduced, together with two-channel front stereophonic signals, through a pair of speakers arranged in front of and in substantially right-and-left symmetry about a listener, in such a way that two sound images of the reproduced rear surround signal can be localized at two predetermined positions relative to the listener. The inputted rear surround signal is processed by a filter. The signal processed by the filter is added to one of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to one of the pair of speakers. Further, an inversion signal of the filter-processed signal is added to the other of the stereophonic signals, and then outputted to the other of the speakers.

Abstract: A resistor of a specific resistance value is inserted between a signal line for transmitting ionization chamber current and a logarithmic amplifier. The specific resistance value is selected to be a proper value so that the value of a negative feedback capacitance of the logarithmic amplifier can be made zero or extremely small without instability phenomena such as an overshoot, ringing or oscillation. Accordingly, it is possible that the response time of a logarithmic measuring apparatus is extremely reduced in a small input-current region.