Abstract: Where a thin film formed on a glass substrate is etched with a solution containing a fluoride, insoluble residues formed by the reaction of the solution with glass substrate components adhere to the back of the substrate to cause etching non-uniformity called roller marks. So, a solution is supplied directly to supporting members for supporting the glass substrate, or concentratedly to a region where the substrate and the supporting members come into contact and from a position opposite to the transporting direction of the substrate, or to both the supporting members and regions where the substrate and the supporting members come into contact. This enables the roller marks to be kept from forming, consequently making it possible to improve display quality of display devices.

Abstract: A commutator includes a generally cylindrical dielectric body and a plurality of commutator segments arranged along an outer peripheral surface of the dielectric body. Each commutator segment includes a ridge, which extends in a direction generally parallel to an axial direction of the commutator and radially inwardly projects into the dielectric body to secure the commutator segment relative to the dielectric body. Each ridge includes alternately arranged high projecting portions and low projecting portions. Each high projecting portion includes grooves, which are obliquely angled relative to the longitudinal direction of the ridge, and protrusions, each of which is bound with one of the grooves and protrudes in an imaginary plane generally perpendicular to the projecting direction of the ridge.

Abstract: Where a thin film formed on a glass substrate is etched with a solution containing a fluoride, insoluble residues formed by the reaction of the solution with glass substrate components adhere to the back of the substrate to cause etching non-uniformity called roller marks. So, a solution is supplied directly to supporting member for supporting the glass substrate, or concentratedly to region where the substrate and the supporting member come into contact and from a position opposite to the transporting direction of the substrate, or to both the supporting members and regions where the substrate and the supporting members come into contact. This enables the roller marks to be kept from forming, consequently making it possible to improve display quality of display devices.

Abstract: A commutator includes a generally cylindrical dielectric body and a plurality of commutator segments arranged along an outer peripheral surface of the dielectric body. Each commutator segment includes a ridge, which extends in a direction generally parallel to an axial direction of the commutator and radially inwardly projects into the dielectric body to secure the commutator segment relative to the dielectric body. Each ridge includes alternately arranged high projecting portions and low projecting portions. Each high projecting portion includes grooves, which are obliquely angled relative to the longitudinal direction of the ridge, and protrusions, each of which is bound with one of the grooves and protrudes in an imaginary plane generally perpendicular to the projecting direction of the ridge.

Abstract: An ionic conductive polymer gel for secondary battery includes an electrolyte salt component which includes a sulfonated derivative with formula (A):LiX(SO.sub.2 R.sup.1).sub.n (A)wherein X is N, C, B, O or --C(R.sup.2).sub.m -- in which R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and m is an integer of 1 to 2; R.sup.1 a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and n is an integer of 1 to 3; a non-aqueous solvent; and a polymer matrix prepared by polymerizing a polymerizable material comprising at least one acrylate monomer with a molecular weight of 1000 or less, in the presence of the electrolyte salt component and the non-aqueous solvent. A lithium-ion battery utilizes the ionic conductive polymer gel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte for batteries having high ionic conductivity and sufficiently high solid strength. The invention has an object to provide a solid battery which prevents internal short-circuiting even if no diaphragm is used and which has high reliability, by using the ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte. Disclosed is an ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte, containing at least a polymer matrix, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution and an electrolytic salt, wherein at least one kind of a halogen-substituted carbonic ester is contained as a solvent of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. Also disclosed is a solid battery having the ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte as a constituent.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes at least two kinds of carbon materials with a spacing of lattice plane (d.sub.002) of 3.4 .ANG. or less in the direction of the C axis thereof. A lithium secondary battery using this negative electrode is provided.

Abstract: A non-aqueous secondary lithium battery includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode which including at least one component selected from the group consisting of lithium, a lithium alloy, and a host compound which forms an intercalation compound or complex in combination with lithium; and an electrolytic solution or solid electrolyte containing a silicone compound.

Abstract: A secondary battery includes a positive electrode comprising a positive active material; an electrolyte layer including a gel polymer solid electrolyte; and a carbon-based negative electrode capable of occluding and releasing lithium, which contains a binder including a resin composition of a copolymer of (a) a vinyl pyridine compound of formula (1), ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom, and R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and (b) a hydroxyl-group-containing (meth)acrylate compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composite sheet electrode which has high strength, excellent current collecting properties and which is used efficiently as an active material for an electrode. The electrode has excellent discharge capacities and can be easily formed into an electrode terminal. A cell employing this electrode is also disclosed. The invention also provides a composite sheet electrode having a porosity of 20 to 80% containing 5 to 95% by weight of an active material of an electrode, 1 to 50% by weight of a current collecting material and heat fusible short fibers. The present invention also provides a composite sheet electrode having a porosity of 20 to 80%, which is made up of a composite sheet containing 5 to 95% by weight of an active material as an electrode and 5 to 95% by weight of heat fusible short fibers, as well as a current collecting material layer formed on said composite sheet. The present invention further provides a cell employing the latter-mentioned composite sheet electrode.

Abstract: A positive electrode is composed of a film-shaped active material, which is composed of a conducting polymer serving as a first active material, and an electrochemical active material serving as a second active material which is uniformly dispersed in the shape of particles in the conducting polymer, with the parts-by-weight ratio of the second active material to the first active material being 3 to 9 parts of the second active material to 7 to 1 part of the first active material, when the total of the first active material and the second active material is 10 parts. A secondary battery is fabricated using the above positive electrode.

Abstract: A non-aqueous secondary battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an alkali metal salt dissolved as an electrolyte in an organic polar solvent, includes a negative electrode which is composed of a carbon material with a graphite-like crystalline structure parameter Ip(002)/Io(002) at a diffraction peak at the (002) plane of an X-ray diffraction intensity curve being in the range of 0.7 to 0.95 and with a graphite-like crystalline structure parameter Ip(10)/Io(10) at a diffraction peak at the (10) plane of an X-ray diffraction intensity curve being 0.6 or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides a carbonaceous material suitable for an electrode of a secondary cell. The carbonaceous material has a specific surface area by BET method of at least 10 m.sup.2 /g and a nitrogen/carbon atom weight ratio of 0.15 to 0.01, and is obtained by heat-treating a polyimide polymer having repeating units represented by: ##STR1## wherein R represents a 4 valent aromatic residue having at least one aromatic ring, of which each 2 valences are bonded with an adjacent carbon atom in the aromatic ring, R' represents a divalent aromatic residue having 1 to 4 aromatic rings and n is an integer of at least 2. The present invention also provides a secondary cell using the above mentioned carbonaceous material as electrode.

Abstract: An electrode comprises a porous carbon sheet comprising (a) carbon fibers and (b) a carbon matrix which comprises carbon particles and is integrally combined with the carbon fibers, having continuous through-holes. This electrode can be used as a cathode or anode for a battery. This type of electrode is prepared by depositing a phenolic resin on a phenolic resin sheet comprising phenolic resin fibers, and carbonizing the phenolic resin and the phenolic resin sheet in an oxygen-free atmosphere at temperatures in the range of 500.degree. C. to 3000.degree. C.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte with excellent ionic conductivity, which is composed of a viscoelastic material having a structure of a polymerized material and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution contained in the polymerized material, a chemical element containing the solid electrolyte, and a method of fabricating the solid electrolyte are described. This solid electrolyte contains the non-aqueous electrolytic solution in an amount of 200 wt. % or more of the polymer and has a modulus of elasticity of 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.5 dyne/cm.sup.2, and an elongation of 20% or more.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a secondary battery which has a positive electrode including a polymer active material. The negative electrode includes: a current collector beforehand roughened at one surface thereof; a first layer disposed on the roughened one surface and including a material selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and an alloy containing alkali metal; and a second layer disposed on the first layer and including an ion conductive material. A surface of the first layer has an uneven configuration which conforms with another uneven configuration of the roughened one surface of the current collector, the surface of the first layer being in contact with the second layer. A method for manufacturing the negative electrode is also disclosed.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a secondary battery comprises a substrate consisting of aluminum or an aluminum composition comprising aluminum as the main component, the aluminum being in the form of crystals with (100) planes oriented perpendicularly to the surface of the substrate, and a lithium-alumin alloy layer formed thereon, and a method of producing the negative electrode is disclosed.

Abstract: An organic secondary battery comprising an anode including an anode-active material, a cathode including a cathode-active material and an electrolytic medium, in which at least the cathode-active material consists essentially of a benzene polymer, and a method of producing the benzene polymer by electrolytic polymerization with anodic oxidation of a benzene or benzene derivative monomer in an electrolytic solution.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a secondary battery comprises a substrate consisting of aluminum or an aluminum composition comprising aluminum as the main component, the aluminum being in the form of crystals with (100) planes oriented perpendicularly to the surface of the substrate, and a lithium-aluminum alloy layer formed thereon, and a method of producing the negative electrode is disclosed.

Abstract: A non-aqueous secondary battery comprises (i) an electroconductive or semiconductive polymeric material serving as an active material for a positive electrode, (ii) a negative electrode active material and (iii) an electrolytic solution comprising an electrolyte and a mixed solution of .gamma.-butyrolactone and a glyme. This secondary battery can be fabricated in the form of a flexible sheet.