Abstract: A joining method for joining a first member having a hole that is opened on at least one surface, to a second member including a material of which a melting temperature is lower than that of a constituent material of the first member, includes: laminating the second member on the first member so as to cover an opening of the hole; and introducing that material of the second member which is softened or melted into the hole through the opening and curing the material of the second member.

Abstract: A joining method for joining a first member having a hole that is opened on at least one surface, to a second member including a material of which a melting temperature is lower than that of a constituent material of the first member, includes: laminating the second member on the first member so as to cover an opening of the hole; and introducing that material of the second member which is softened or melted into the hole through the opening and curing the material of the second member.

Abstract: A windshield defroster includes a defroster outlet positioned within the dashboard of a vehicle, in which a cover plate is attached within the defroster outlet. The cover plate includes an opening and a plurality of bars which separate the opening into various sections, so that the bars within the cover plate prevent objects from dropping into the defroster outlet. The windshield defroster includes a duct attached to the bottom surface of the dashboard, and a heater is positioned within the duct, so that warm air can be distributed to the defroster outlet through the opening in the cover plate. The cover plate is swingably connected to the duct by a hinge, and the hinge is integrally formed with the duct and the cover plate. The cover plate has a lower surface in the vicinity of the hinge, and the duct has a horizontal first projection in the vicinity of the hinge.