Abstract: A secondary particle detector 302 for a charged particle beam system 300 includes a scintillator 304 and a transducer 312, such as a photomultiplier tube, positioned within a vacuum chamber 107. Unlike prior art Everhart-Thornley detectors, the photomultiplier is positioned within the vacuum chamber, which improves detection by eliminating optical couplings and provides flexibility in positioning the detector.

Abstract: A secondary particle detector 302 for a charged particle beam system 300 includes a scintillator 304 and a transducer 312, such as a photomultiplier tube, positioned within a vacuum chamber 107. Unlike prior art Everhart-Thornley detectors, the photomultiplier is positioned within the vacuum chamber, which improves detection by eliminating optical couplings and provides flexibility in positioning the detector.

Abstract: A secondary particle detector 302 for a charged particle beam system 300 includes a scintillator 304 and a transducer 312, such as a photomultiplier tube, positioned within a vacuum chamber 107. Unlike prior art Everhart-Thornley detectors, the photomultiplier is positioned within the vacuum chamber, which improves detection by eliminating optical couplings and provides flexibility in positioning the detector.

Abstract: A particle detector switchable from an ion detector to an electron detector includes an ion-to-electron converter and a scintillator detector. With one set of voltages on the components, the converter has minimal impact on the electron trajectories so the electrons are efficiently detected by the scintillator detector. With different voltage settings on the components, the detector can be operated in positive ion mode to collect positive ions with adequate efficiency for most FIB applications.

Abstract: A particle detector switchable from an ion detector to an electron detector includes an ion-to-electron converter and a scintillator detector. With one set of voltages on the components, the converter has minimal impact on the electron trajectories so the electrons are efficiently detected by the scintillator detector. With different voltage settings on the components, the detector can be operated in positive ion mode to collect positive ions with adequate efficiency for most FIB applications.

Abstract: Road tanker for an articulated vehicle, for hauling petroleum or other liquid products. The tanker has an elongated vessel provided internally with dividers. The dividers are joined to the side walls of the vessel by "U-shaped" extrusions providing dual connection between the dividers and the wall. The forward end of the vessel is provided with a skid plate which is integral with or located so as to be substantially at the same level as the bottom surfaces of the vessel. The forward and rearward vertical corners are hollow sections to reinforce the vessel at those locations. The vertical sides of the vessel are joined to the top panel by means of rails which inhibit rolling of the tanker from the side panels to the top panel.

Abstract: A mobile road or rail tanker. The tanker is formed of sheet aluminum which forms an outer shell. The shell encloses a chamber which is divided by a transverse wall. The wall adjacent the shell comprises an annealed heat treatable weldable aluminum alloy which is relatively soft and ductile so that weld material adjacent the wall is stronger than the remainder of the wall.