Abstract: A reactor is disclosed. The reactor is comprised of a housing, a solenoid coil, a center columnar member, and a core. The center columnar member provides first surfaces contacting with sandwich portions of the housing, and the core is comprised of resin including magnetic powder. The coil and the center columnar member are fixed in the core. A surface roughness (Rz2) of a second surface which contacts to the core is larger than a surface roughness (Rz1) of the first surfaces. The center columnar member further provides a basis surface of which roughness (Rz3) is smaller than the Rz2 and larger than the Rz1.

Abstract: A reactor is disclosed. The reactor is comprised of a housing, a solenoid coil, a center columnar member, and a core. The center columnar member provides first surfaces contacting with sandwich portions of the housing, and the core is comprised of resin including magnetic powder. The coil and the center columnar member are fixed in the core. A surface roughness (Rz2) of a second surface which contacts to the core is larger than a surface roughness (Rz1) of the first surfaces. The center columnar member further provides a basis surface of which roughness (Rz3) is smaller than the Rz2 and larger than the Rz1.

Abstract: A system comprises a substrate 4, an incident optical waveguide 5 formed on the substrate for receiving a light beam incident thereto, two phase-shift optical waveguides 6 formed on the substrate 4 to be branched from the incident optical waveguide 4 for varying a phase of a transmitted light beam in response to an electric field intensity, an outgoing optical waveguide 7 formed on the substrate 4 to join the phase-shift optical waveguides 6. At least one of the phase-shift optical waveguides 6 has a reversely polarized portion 8 reversely polarized. A light transmission film may be formed at one or a plurality of portions on the phase-shift optical waveguides 6. A buffer layer 14 may be formed on a part on or in the vicinity of the phase-shift optical waveguides 6. A transparent substance film for imparting a stress to one of the phase-shift optical waveguides 6 may be formed on a part or a whole of a portion without the buffer layer 14.

Abstract: A system comprises a substrate 4, an incident optical waveguide 5 formed on the substrate for receiving a light beam incident thereto, two phase-shift optical waveguides 6 formed on the substrate 4 to be branched from the incident optical waveguide 4 for varying a phase of a transmitted light beam in response to an electric field intensity, an outgoing optical waveguide 7 formed on the substrate 4 to join the phase-shift optical waveguides 6. At least one of the phase-shift optical waveguides 6 has a reversely polarized portion 8 reversely polarized. A light transmission film may be formed at one or a plurality of portions on the phase-shift optical waveguides 6. A buffer layer 14 may be formed on a part on or in the vicinity of the phase-shift optical waveguides 6. A transparent substance film for imparting a stress to one of the phase-shift optical waveguides 6 may be formed on a part or a whole of a portion without the buffer layer 14.