Abstract: A method for defect inspection includes receiving a substrate having a plurality of patterns; obtaining a gray scale image of the substrate, wherein the gray scale image includes a plurality of regions, and each of the regions has a gray scale value; comparing the gray scale value of each region to a gray scale references to define a first group, a second group and an Nth group, wherein each of the first group, the second group and the Nth group has at least a region; performing a calculation to obtain a score; and when the score is greater than a value, the substrate is determined to have an ESD defect, and when the score is less than the value, the substrate is determined to be free of the ESD defect.

Abstract: A new methodology for dealing with the Electric-Magnetic Anti-skid Braking System (EMABS) and recycling the regenerating energy on braking is proposed. Developing a dynamic damper which comprising positive and negative type resistors connected in series becomes a fast switch with adaptation, attenuation and fast recovery system properties, is a crucial turnkey. For braking purpose, the most general configuration is to couple the fast switches to the stator and rotor coils in an AC alternator that is driven by the vehicle's wheels or propellers. After performing the dynamic impedance matching in this braking system, the EMABS effect and recycling of the regenerating energy on braking are accordingly obtained.

Abstract: A spectral resistor based on the constitute law of “elasticity of electricity” derived from the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma is provided to build a substantial order-? resonant tank. The substantial order-? resonant tank according to embodiments of the present invention can function as many different roles such as an electric filter, a harmonic and sub-harmonic power waveform distortion filter, a dynamic damper, a dynamic impedance matching circuit and a kind of electromagnetic wave absorbing material. By attaching an order-? resonant tank according to the present invention to an ordinary system with equivalent inductance in a suitable topology as an electric filter, a substantial snubber network, or so-called DeLenzor, is obtained. The duality of an electric system can be handled by coupling the system with an order-? resonant tank according to the present invention, and thus the disadvantageous effects caused by the duality of the system can be canceled immediately without any drawbacks.

Abstract: A new methodology for dealing with the Electric-Magnetic Anti-skid Braking System (EMABS) and recycling the regenerating energy on braking is proposed. Developing a dynamic damper which comprising positive and negative type resistors connected in series becomes a fast switch with adaptation, attenuation and fast recovery system properties, is a crucial turnkey. For braking purpose, the most general configuration is to couple the fast switches to the stator and rotor coils in an AC alternator that is driven by the vehicle's wheels or propellers. After performing the dynamic impedance matching in this braking system, the EMABS effect and recycling of the regenerating energy on braking are accordingly obtained.

Abstract: The “Dynamic-Adaptive-Damping-Attenuant Mechanism”, which is called DADAM, is as the bridge of the mechanical-electrical interconnected system. Not only the DADAM is as the dynamic buffer zone and the size is regulated adaptively and proportional to the load, but also provides the self attenuation area with attenuating the superabundant energy. This is the key why the superabundant braking energy could be recycled. Such as the system could be stable and more reliable, even the over limited load, as the shock of high voltage, occurred. For appling to the vehicle braking system, the distance of braking is shortened.