Abstract: A lead storage battery of the present invention has an electrode plate pack comprising a plurality of negative electrode plates in each of which a negative electrode active material layer is retained by a negative electrode grid, a plurality of positive electrode plates in each of which a positive electrode active material layer is retained by a positive electrode grid, and a plurality of separators separating the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate; a positive electrode connecting member connected to each positive electrode plate of the electrode plate pack, and a negative electrode connecting member connected to each negative electrode plate of the electrode plate pack. The positive and negative electrode grids, and the positive and negative electrode connecting members comprise a Pb alloy including at least one of Ca and Sn; the negative electrode active material layer includes Sb; and the separator includes silica.

Abstract: A lead storage battery of the present invention has an electrode plate pack including: a plurality of negative electrode plates in each of which a negative electrode active material layer is retained by a negative electrode grid, a plurality of positive electrode plates in each of which a positive electrode active material layer is retained by a positive electrode grid, and a plurality of separators separating the positive and negative electrode plate; a positive electrode connecting member connected to each positive electrode plate of the electrode plate pack; and a negative electrode connecting member connected to each negative electrode plate of the electrode plate pack. The positive and negative electrode grids, and the positive and negative electrode connecting members comprise a Pb alloy including at least one of Ca and Sn, the negative electrode grid further includes Sb in a part thereof excluding the tab part, and the separator includes silica.

Abstract: This invention provides a lead battery that becomes usable by injecting an electrolyte thereinto. The battery includes: positive and negative electrode plates each having a grid comprising a Pb—Ca based alloy; separators that separate the positive electrode plates from the negative electrode plates; the electrolyte comprising sulfuric acid; and a battery container accommodating the positive and negative electrode plates, the separators, and the electrolyte. The battery container is sealed, and part of the positive and negative electrode plates is immersed in the electrolyte. The height Y0 of the positive and negative electrode plates and the distance Y1 from the bottom of the positive and negative electrode plates to the level of the electrolyte satisfy the relation: 15?Y1/Y0×100?60.

Abstract: A lead acid battery of the present invention has: an electrode plate pack including a plurality of negative electrode plates which each comprise a negative electrode grid having a tab and a negative electrode active material layer retained by the negative electrode grid, a plurality of positive electrode plates which each comprise a positive electrode grid having a tab and a positive electrode active material layer retained by the positive electrode grid, and a plurality of separators separating the positive and negative electrode plates; a positive electrode connecting member connected to each positive electrode plate of the electrode plate pack; and a negative electrode connecting member connected to each negative electrode plate of the electrode plate pack. The positive electrode grid has a lead alloy layer including 0.01 to 0.

Abstract: A lead storage battery of the present invention has an electrode plate pack comprising a plurality of negative electrode plates in each of which a negative electrode active material layer is retained by a negative electrode grid, a plurality of positive electrode plates in each of which a positive electrode active material layer is retained by a positive electrode grid, and a plurality of separators separating the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate; a positive electrode connecting member connected to each positive electrode plate of the electrode plate pack, and a negative electrode connecting member connected to each negative electrode plate of the electrode plate pack. The positive and negative electrode grids, and the positive and negative electrode connecting members comprise a Pb alloy including at least one of Ca and Sn; the negative electrode active material layer includes Sb; and the separator includes silica.

Abstract: This invention provides a lead battery that becomes usable by injecting an electrolyte thereinto. The battery includes: positive and negative electrode plates each having a grid comprising a Pb—Ca based alloy; separators that separate the positive electrode plates from the negative electrode plates; the electrolyte comprising sulfuric acid; and a battery container accommodating the positive and negative electrode plates, the separators, and the electrolyte. The battery container is sealed, and part of the positive and negative electrode plates is immersed in the electrolyte. The height Y0 of the positive and negative electrode plates and the distance Y1 from the bottom of the positive and negative electrode plates to the level of the electrolyte satisfy the relation: 15?Y1/Y0×100?60.

Abstract: A lead acid battery of the present invention has: an electrode plate pack including a plurality of negative electrode plates which each comprise a negative electrode grid having a tab and a negative electrode active material layer retained by the negative electrode grid, a plurality of positive electrode plates which each comprise a positive electrode grid having a tab and a positive electrode active material layer retained by the positive electrode grid, and a plurality of separators separating the positive and negative electrode plates; a positive electrode connecting member connected to each positive electrode plate of the electrode plate pack; and a negative electrode connecting member connected to each negative electrode plate of the electrode plate pack. The positive electrode grid has a lead alloy layer including 0.01 to 0.

Abstract: A lead storage battery of the present invention has an electrode plate pack including: a plurality of negative electrode plates in each of which a negative electrode active material layer is retained by a negative electrode grid, a plurality of positive electrode plates in each of which a positive electrode active material layer is retained by a positive electrode grid, and a plurality of separators separating the positive and negative electrode plate; a positive electrode connecting member connected to each positive electrode plate of the electrode plate pack; and a negative electrode connecting member connected to each negative electrode plate of the electrode plate pack. The positive and negative electrode grids, and the positive and negative electrode connecting members comprise a Pb alloy including at least one of Ca and Sn, the negative electrode grid further includes Sb in a part thereof excluding the tab part, and the separator includes silica.

Abstract: An air/fuel ratio sensor with a sensing element having an electrochemical oxygen pumping cell including a first oxygen ion-conductive solid electrolyte body, and a first and a second electrode formed on the first solid electrolyte body, an electrochemical oxygen sensing cell including a second oxygen ion-conductive solid electrolyte body, and a third and a fourth electrode formed on the second solid electrolyte body, the second and third electrodes being exposed to exhaust gases which are produced as a result of combustion of an air-fuel mixture and which are introduced into the sensing element, under a predetermined diffusion resistance.

Abstract: A sensing element of an oxygen sensor including an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte, an electrochemical oxygen pumping cell having a first and a second electrode disposed on the solid electrolyte, an electrochemical oxygen sensing cell having a third and a fourth electrode disposed on the solid electrolyte, and diffusion-resistance means for introducing an external measurement gas for contact with the second and third electrodes. An alternating current having a frequency of not higher than 10 Hz is applied to at least one of the oxygen pumping and sensing cells, with the sensing element held at 600.degree. C. or higher, to form minute cracks on the surface of each metal grain of the first and second electrodes and/or third and fourth electrodes. The alternating current is 1-5 times as large as a polarographic limit current value of the corresponding pumping and sensing cells.

Abstract: A method of processing a sensing element of an oxygen sensor including an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte, an electrochemical oxygen pumping cell having a first and a second electrode disposed on the solid electrolyte, an electrochemical oxygen sensing cell having a third and a fourth electrode disposed on the solid electrolyte, and diffusion-resistance means for introducing an external measurement gas for contact with the second and third electrodes. An alternating current having a frequency of not higher than 10 Hz is applied to at least one of the oxygen pumping and sensing cells, with the sensing element held at 600.degree. C. or higher, to form minute cracks on the surface of each metal grain of the first and second electrodes and/or third and fourth electrodes. The alternating current is 1-5 times as a large as a polarographic limit current value of the corresponding pumping and sensing cells.

Abstract: A resistance ceramic heater including a ceramic substrate, and a heating element which has a resistance heat-generating portion, and electrical leads connected to the heat-generating portion for energizing the heat-generating portion to generate heat. The heat-generating portion consists of a plurality of electrically resisitive heat-generating conductors formed in parallel connection with each other and in series connection to the electrical leads, and a plurality of connecting conductors which connects the heat-generating conductors, at a plurality of connection points on each of the heat-generating conductors. The connecting points are spaced apart from each other along the length of each heat-generating conductor. An electrochemical element and an oxygen analyzer or sensor which uses the ceramic heater are also disclosed.

Abstract: An oxgen sensor for detecting a measurement gas such as exhaust gases existing in an external space, which has a sensing element having a gas-diffusion space which communicates with the external space. The gas-diffusion space has a predetermined resistance to diffusion of the measurement gas therethrough, and includes a first portion to which the measurement gas diffuses along a first diffusion path, and a second portion to which the measurement gas diffuses through the first portion along a second diffusion path which has a larger length than the first diffusion path.