Abstract: In an embodiment, a circuit includes: an error amplifier; a temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is coupled to the error amplifier; a discrete time controller coupled to the error amplifier, wherein the discrete time controller comprises digital circuitry; a multiple bits quantizer coupled to the discrete time controller, wherein the multiple bits quantizer produces a digital code output; and a heating array coupled to the multiple bits quantizer, wherein the heating array is configured to generate heat based on the digital code output.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a device includes: an electrode configured to change a contact angle of a liquid droplet above the electrode when a first voltage is applied to the electrode; a sensing film overlaying the electrode, wherein the electrode is configured for assessment of a state of the liquid droplet based on a second voltage sensed at the electrode; a reference electrode above the electrode, the reference electrode configured to provide a reference voltage; and a microfluidic channel between the electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the microfluidic channel is configured to manipulate the liquid droplet using the electrode.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a device includes: an electrode configured to change a contact angle of a liquid droplet above the electrode when a first voltage is applied to the electrode; a sensing film overlaying the electrode, wherein the electrode is configured for assessment of a state of the liquid droplet based on a second voltage sensed at the electrode; a reference electrode above the electrode, the reference electrode configured to provide a reference voltage; and a microfluidic channel between the electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the microfluidic channel is configured to manipulate the liquid droplet using the electrode.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a device includes: an electrode configured to change a contact angle of a liquid droplet above the electrode when a first voltage is applied to the electrode; a sensing film overlaying the electrode, wherein the electrode is configured for assessment of a state of the liquid droplet based on a second voltage sensed at the electrode; a reference electrode above the electrode, the reference electrode configured to provide a reference voltage; and a microfluidic channel between the electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the microfluidic channel is configured to manipulate the liquid droplet using the electrode.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a device includes: an electrode configured to change a contact angle of a liquid droplet above the electrode when a first voltage is applied to the electrode; a sensing film overlaying the electrode, wherein the electrode is configured for assessment of a state of the liquid droplet based on a second voltage sensed at the electrode; a reference electrode above the electrode, the reference electrode configured to provide a reference voltage; and a microfluidic channel between the electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the microfluidic channel is configured to manipulate the liquid droplet using the electrode.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a circuit includes: an error amplifier; a temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is coupled to the error amplifier; a discrete time controller coupled to the error amplifier, wherein the discrete time controller comprises digital circuitry; a multiple bits quantizer coupled to the discrete time controller, wherein the multiple bits quantizer produces a digital code output; and a heating array coupled to the multiple bits quantizer, wherein the heating array is configured to generate heat based on the digital code output.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a circuit includes: an error amplifier; a temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is coupled to the error amplifier; a discrete time controller coupled to the error amplifier, wherein the discrete time controller comprises digital circuitry; a multiple bits quantizer coupled to the discrete time controller, wherein the multiple bits quantizer produces a digital code output; and a heating array coupled to the multiple bits quantizer, wherein the heating array is configured to generate heat based on the digital code output.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a circuit includes: an error amplifier; a temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is coupled to the error amplifier; a discrete time controller coupled to the error amplifier, wherein the discrete time controller comprises digital circuitry; a multiple bits quantizer coupled to the discrete time controller, wherein the multiple bits quantizer produces a digital code output; and a heating array coupled to the multiple bits quantizer, wherein the heating array is configured to generate heat based on the digital code output.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a device includes: an electrode configured to change a contact angle of a liquid droplet above the electrode when a first voltage is applied to the electrode; a sensing film overlaying the electrode, wherein the electrode is configured for assessment of a state of the liquid droplet based on a second voltage sensed at the electrode; a reference electrode above the electrode, the reference electrode configured to provide a reference voltage; and a microfluidic channel between the electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the microfluidic channel is configured to manipulate the liquid droplet using the electrode.